{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T17:25:33Z","timestamp":1763141133387,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,5]],"date-time":"2020-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578182400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":310,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]],"date-time":"2018-12-19T11:52:17Z","timestamp":1545220337000},"page":"236-243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"special_numbering":"C","title":["In vitro activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil extract against Helicobacter pylori"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"232","author":[{"given":"Faith C.","family":"Blum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jatinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. Scott","family":"Merrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.08.006","article-title":"Analysis of anti-bacterial and anti oxidative activity of Azadirachta indica bark using various solvents extracts","volume":"24","author":"Al Akeel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.169","article-title":"Antimicrobial and anticancer potential of low molecular weight polypeptides extracted and characterized from leaves of Azadirachta indica","volume":"114","author":"Al Saiqali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"6715","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/16495","article-title":"Genomic-sequence comparison of two unrelated isolates of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori","volume":"397","author":"Alm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(02)00169-1","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of extracts from some edible plants commonly consumed in Asia","volume":"80","author":"Alzoreky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"issue":"5690","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099390","article-title":"Bacterial persistence as a phenotypic switch","volume":"305","author":"Balaban","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01416-08","article-title":"The complete genome sequence of Helicobacter pylori strain G27","volume":"191","author":"Baltrus","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.04.050","article-title":"Clinical studies on the effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) bark extract on gastric secretion and gastroduodenal ulcer","volume":"75","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.027649","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric pathology: insights from in vivo and ex vivo models","volume":"10","author":"Burkitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Models Mech."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.563","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"112","author":"Chey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.10.019","article-title":"In vitro and ex vivo activity of an Azadirachta indica A.Juss. seed kernel extract on early sporogonic development of Plasmodium in comparison with azadirachtin A, its most abundant constituent","volume":"23","author":"Dahiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3282","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10083282","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of a neem cake extract in a broth model meat system","volume":"10","author":"Del Serrone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343610","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/343610","article-title":"Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) oil to tackle enteropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"2015","author":"Del Serrone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/39.1.5","article-title":"The stability of amoxycillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole in gastric juice: relevance to the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"39","author":"Erah","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"year":"2018","series-title":"Breakpoint Tables for the Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters","author":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib14"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1159\/000239460","article-title":"Activity of east African medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori","volume":"42","author":"Fabry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1996.tb00087.x","article-title":"Fungistatic and fungicidal activity of east African medicinal plants","volume":"39","author":"Fabry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(97)00128-1","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of East African medicinal plants","volume":"60","author":"Fabry","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012","volume":"136","author":"Ferlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10646","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504927102","article-title":"Activation of beta-catenin by carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori","volume":"102","author":"Franco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01963775","article-title":"Effect of varying pH on the susceptibility of Campylobacter pylori to antimicrobial agents","volume":"8","author":"Grayson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2017.07.001","article-title":"Neem (Azadirachta indica): an indian traditional panacea with modern molecular basis","volume":"34","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1900-3","article-title":"Combined antioxidant effects of Neem extract, bacteria, red blood cells and Lysozyme: possible relation to periodontal disease","volume":"17","author":"Heyman","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","article-title":"Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"153","author":"Hooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"year":"2012","series-title":"A Review of Human Carcinogens. Part B: Biological Agents","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib24"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60165-3","article-title":"Review on pharmacological and toxicologyical effects of oleum azadirachti oil","volume":"3","author":"Koriem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70155-0","article-title":"A standardized mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection: introducing the Sydney strain","volume":"112","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h4052","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4052","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness and tolerance of treatments for Helicobacter pylori: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"351","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.07.041","article-title":"Diet synergistically affects Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis in nonhuman primates","volume":"137","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-014-0042-2","article-title":"Limonoid and steroidal saponin from Azadirachta indica","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.508","article-title":"Empiric quadruple vs. triple therapy for primary treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and tolerability","volume":"105","author":"Luther","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068917","article-title":"In vitro characterization of the anti-bacterial activity of SQ109 against Helicobacter pylori","volume":"8","author":"Makobongo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-014-3603-5","article-title":"Nontraditional therapies to treat Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"52","author":"Makobongo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4231","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00510-09","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activity of acyl-lysyl oligomers against Helicobacter pylori","volume":"53","author":"Makobongo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12059","article-title":"The effects of varying acidity on Helicobacter pylori growth and the bactericidal efficacy of ampicillin","volume":"36","author":"Marcus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302254","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption","volume":"62","author":"Megraud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"year":"1954","series-title":"Indian Materia Medica","author":"Nadkarni","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib36"},{"year":"1992","series-title":"Neem: A Tree For Solving Global Problems","author":"National Research Council","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib37"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b01055","article-title":"Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014","volume":"79","author":"Newman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9999","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603784103","article-title":"The complete genome sequence of a chronic atrophic gastritis Helicobacter pylori strain: evolution during disease progression","volume":"103","author":"Oh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00395-6","article-title":"Inhibitory potential of neem (Azadirachta indica Juss) leaves on dengue virus type-2 replication","volume":"79","author":"Parida","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2005.11.007","article-title":"Effect of aqueous extract from Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on hydrophobicity, biofilm formation and adhesion in composite resin by Candida albicans","volume":"51","author":"Polaquini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.09.026","article-title":"Effect of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf extract on resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and Schistosoma mansoni worms","volume":"175","author":"Quelemes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700719","article-title":"Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric carcinogenesis","volume":"88","author":"Romero-Gallo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000343","article-title":"Intracellular, biofilm-inhibitory and membrane-damaging activities of nimbolide isolated from Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"65","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.43.2008.S56","article-title":"The life and death of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"43","author":"Scott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib46","first-page":"5","article-title":"The role of acid inhibition in Helicobacter pylori eradication","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.02.005","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori among male United States veterans","volume":"13","author":"Shiota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-44-6-425","article-title":"Factors affecting growth and antibiotic susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori: effect of pH and urea on the survival of a wild-type strain and a urease-deficient mutant","volume":"44","author":"Sjostrom","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.01.022","article-title":"Antibacterial, antisecretory and antihemorrhagic activity of Azadirachta indica used to treat cholera and diarrhea in India","volume":"111","author":"Thakurta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13497","article-title":"Review article: the global emergence of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance","volume":"43","author":"Thung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"6642","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/41483","article-title":"The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori","volume":"388","author":"Tomb","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib52","unstructured":"Vasisht, K., Kumar, V., 2003. Medicinal plants and their utilization. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the Internation Centre for Science and High Technology (ICS). Trieste, Italy."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.9.2730-2731.1998","article-title":"Genotypic characterization of clarithromycin-resistant and -susceptible Helicobacter pylori strains from the same patient demonstrates existence of two unrelated isolates","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"year":"2017","series-title":"Global Priority List of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New Antibiotics","author":"World Health Organization","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025_bib54"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874118333312?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874118333312?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:20:26Z","timestamp":1759940426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874118333312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0378874118333312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0378-8741"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"In vitro activity of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil extract against Helicobacter pylori","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}