{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:42:58Z","timestamp":1792082578665,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009467","name":"University of the Witwatersrand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009467","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001791","name":"Griffith University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T20:19:36Z","timestamp":1566505176000},"page":"112176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A review of the traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of malaria"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"245","author":[{"given":"I.E.","family":"Cock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.I.","family":"Selesho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.F.","family":"van Vuuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(12)60035-8","article-title":"Effect of Vetiveria zizanioides L. root extracts on the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston","volume":"2","author":"Aarthi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.08.025","article-title":"Chemopreventive and remediation effect of Adansonia digitata L. Baobab (Bombacaceae) stem bark extracts in mouse model malaria","volume":"210","author":"Adeoye","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00357-4","article-title":"Cultural categorization of febrile illnesses in correlation with herbal remedies for treatment in Southwestern Nigeria","volume":"85","author":"Ajaiyeoba","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0043","article-title":"Oral ingestion of Cannabis sativa: risks, benefits, and effects on malaria-infected hosts","volume":"26","author":"Akinola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3424-4","article-title":"Anti-plasmodial activities of Combretum molle (Combretaceae) [Zwoo] seed extract in Swiss albino mice","volume":"11","author":"Anato","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30324-6","article-title":"Malaria","volume":"391","author":"Ashley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2016.01.001","article-title":"Ethnobotanical survey of culinary herbs and spices used in the traditional medicinal system of Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa","volume":"104","author":"Asowata-Ayodele","year":"2016","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.10.019","article-title":"Antiplasmodial and GABAA\u2013benzodiazepine receptor binding activities of five plants used in traditional medicine in Mali, West Africa","volume":"110","author":"Bah","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.09.017","article-title":"In vitro antiplasmodial screening of ethnopharmacologically selected South African plant species used for the treatment of malaria","volume":"156","author":"Bapela","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.07.022","article-title":"1H NMR-based metabolomics of antimalarial plant species traditionally used by Vha-Venda people in Limpopo Province, South Africa and isolation of antiplasmodial compounds","volume":"228","author":"Bapela","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14083037","article-title":"Plant-derived antimalarial agents: new leads and efficient phytomedicines. Part II. Non-Alkaloid natural products","volume":"14","author":"Batista","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3923\/ajdd.2011.129.136","article-title":"Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC extracts on the production of microbial proteins","volume":"1","author":"Borgio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Discov. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib14","first-page":"1747","article-title":"Plants as antimalarial drugs: a review","volume":"4","author":"Builders","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4103\/phrev.phrev_21_17","article-title":"Developing new antimicrobial therapies: are synergistic combinations of plant extracts\/compounds with conventional antibiotics the solution?","volume":"11","author":"Cheesman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.08.009","article-title":"Plants as antimalarial agents in sub-saharan Africa","volume":"152","author":"Chinsembu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-6-25","article-title":"An ethnobotanical survey of plants used to manage HIV\/AIDS opportunistic infections in Katima Mulilo, Caprivi region, Namibia","volume":"6","author":"Chinsembu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.02.011","article-title":"In vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants native to or naturalised in South Africa","volume":"92","author":"Clarkson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-018-0488-7","article-title":"Is the pharmaceutical industry's preoccupation with the monotherapy drug model stifling the development of effective new drug therapies?","volume":"26","author":"Cock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.04.001","article-title":"A review of the traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of selected parasite infections affecting humans","volume":"220","author":"Cock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2011.03.013","article-title":"An ethnobotanical survey of the agter\u2013hantam, northern cape province, South Africa","volume":"77","author":"De Beer","year":"2011","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00005-3","article-title":"Antimalarial activity of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in S. Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u0131ncipe islands","volume":"81","author":"De Madureira","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.02.014","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antimalarial activity of Cussonia species (Araliaceae)","volume":"129","author":"De Villiers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2007.02.018","article-title":"Antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of Albertisia delagoensis","volume":"78","author":"De Wet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib26","series-title":"WHO GMP-Informal Consultation on Malaria Elimination: Setting up the WHO Agenda","author":"Delacollette","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"cxxiii","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2014.05.010","article-title":"Flavonolacyl glucosides from the aril of Schotia brachypetala Sond. And their antioxidant, antibacterial and antimalarial activities","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(03)00176-0","article-title":"Screening of medicinal plants used in South African traditional medicine for genotoxic effects","volume":"143","author":"Elgorashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2244-2","article-title":"Evidence and strategies for malaria prevention and control: a historical analysis","volume":"17","author":"Gachelin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib32","first-page":"215","article-title":"A preliminary checklist of Zulu names of plants with short notes","volume":"12","author":"Gerstner","year":"1941","journal-title":"Bantu Stud."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-S1-S1","article-title":"A call for using natural compounds in the development of new antimalarial treatments\u2013an introduction","volume":"10","author":"Ginsburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e774","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000774","article-title":"The international limits and population at risk of Plasmodium vivax transmission in 2009","volume":"4","author":"Guerra","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib35","first-page":"415","article-title":"Antimalarial evaluation of selected medicinal plant extracts used in Iranian traditional medicine","volume":"20","author":"Haddad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S239","DOI":"10.1663\/0013-0001(2004)58[S239:MPUTTM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Medicinal plants used to treat malaria in southern Benin","volume":"58","author":"Hermans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-90","article-title":"Activation of the hypnozoite: a part of the Plasmodium vivax life cycle and survival","volume":"10","author":"Hulden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib39","series-title":"Zulu Medicinal Plants: an Inventory","author":"Hutchings","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2006.11.004","article-title":"In vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity activities of 14 medicinal plants from Kenya","volume":"73","author":"Irungu","year":"2007","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.06.034","article-title":"The in vitro pharmacological activities and a chemical investigation of three South African Salvia species","volume":"102","author":"Kamatou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2006.08.001","article-title":"Trichomes, essential oil composition and biological activities of Salvia albicaulis Benth. and S. dolomitica Codd, two species from the Cape region of South Africa","volume":"73","author":"Kamatou","year":"2007","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2007.08.001","article-title":"Antimalarial and anticancer activities of selected South African Salvia species and isolated compounds from Salvia radula","volume":"74","author":"Kamatou","year":"2008","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2012.10.002","article-title":"Antiplasmodial activity of flavan derivatives from rootbark of Cassia abbreviate Oliv","volume":"20","author":"Kiplagata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1021\/np50034a027","article-title":"Isolation of artemisinin (qinghaosu) from Artemisa annua growing in the United States","volume":"47","author":"Klayman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2010.11.002","article-title":"Trichilia emetica (Meliaceae) \u2013 a review of traditional uses, biological activities and phytochemistry","volume":"4","author":"Komane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytochem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.04.047","article-title":"Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the Maseru district of Lesotho","volume":"170","author":"Kose","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib48","first-page":"123","article-title":"In vitro antiplasmodial evaluation of medicinal plants from Zimbabwe Phytother","volume":"17","author":"Kraft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P7","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-S1-P7","article-title":"Activity of clinically relevant antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum mature gametocytes in an ATP bioluminescence \u201ctransmission blocking\u201d assay","volume":"11","author":"Leli\u00e8vre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2017.09.002","article-title":"Medicinal plants for in vitro antiplasmodial activities: a systematic review of literature","volume":"66","author":"Lemma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-010-0099-y","article-title":"Drug-resistant malaria: the era of ACT","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2004.11.007","article-title":"Lead and drug-like compounds: the rule-of-five revolution","volume":"1","author":"Lipinski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1612765","article-title":"Emergence of indigenous artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Africa","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib54","first-page":"4","article-title":"Perceptions about malaria transmission and control using anti-malaria plants in Mola, Kariba, Zimbabwe","volume":"5","author":"Lukwa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Niger. J. Nat. Prod. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib55","series-title":"The Ethnobotany of the Vhavenda","author":"Mabogo","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.7441","article-title":"Epidemiology of malaria in South Africa: from control to elimination","volume":"103","author":"Maharaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-014-0525-y","article-title":"In vivo antiplasmodial and toxicological effect of Maytenus senegalensis traditionally used in the treatment of malaria in Tanzania","volume":"514","author":"Malebo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v16i10.30","article-title":"Ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological activities of Croton megalobotrys M\u03cbll Arg: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Maroyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib59","first-page":"5770","article-title":"In vitro antiplasmodial activities of extracts from five plants used singly and in combination against Plasmodium falciparum parasites","volume":"6","author":"Melariri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.03.075","article-title":"Antimalarial activity of medicinal plants from the Democratic Republic of Congo: a review","volume":"169","author":"Memvanga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a025619","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025619","article-title":"Antimalarial drug resistance: a threat to malaria elimination","volume":"7","author":"Menard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1270932","article-title":"In vitro screening of traditional South African malaria remedies against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, and Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"77","author":"Mokoka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP12.1017","article-title":"Cassia abbreviate Oliv. A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, toxicology, phytochemistry, possible propagation techniques and Pharmacology","volume":"7","author":"Mongalo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.08.050","article-title":"Medicinal plants used for management of malaria among the Luhya community of Kakamega East sub-county, Kenya","volume":"194","author":"Mukungu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4593-x","article-title":"Mosquitocidal and antiplasmodial activity of Senna occidentalis (cassiae) and Ocimum basilicum (lamiaceae) from maruthamalai hills against Anopheles stephensi and Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"114","author":"Murugan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR11.1319","article-title":"Larvicidal, antipyretic and antiplasmodial activity of some Zulu medicinal plants","volume":"6","author":"Nethengwe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.11.011","article-title":"Medicinal plants used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria in the Chipinge district in Zimbabwe","volume":"159","author":"Ngarivhume","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2002.24.7.696540","article-title":"Studies on the antiplasmodial properties of some South African medicinal plants used as antimalarial remedies in Zulu folk medicine","volume":"24","author":"Nundkumar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.07.004","article-title":"Phytochemistry and in vitro pharmacological activities of South African Vitex (Verbenaceae) species","volume":"119","author":"Nyiligira","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.02.034","article-title":"Medicinal plants used by the people of Nsukka Local Government Area, south-eastern Nigeria for the treatment of malaria: an ethnobotanical survey","volume":"218","author":"Odoh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib71","first-page":"191","article-title":"Medicinal plants useful for malaria therapy in Okeigbo, Ondo state, Southwest Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Odugbemi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit., Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6093","article-title":"In vitro antiprotozoan activity and mechanisms of action of selected Ghanaian medicinal plants against Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium parasites","volume":"32","author":"Ohashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06708-9","article-title":"Mapping sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in infected humans and in parasite populations in Africa","volume":"7","author":"Okell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-63","article-title":"In vitro studies on the sensitivity pattern of Plasmodium falciparum to anti-malarial drugs and local herbal extracts","volume":"14","author":"Olasehinde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0763-9","article-title":"Strong larvicidal activity of three species of Spilanthes (Akarkara) against malaria (Anopheles stephensi Liston, Anopheles culicifacies, species C) and filaria vector (Culexquinque fasciatus Say)","volume":"102","author":"Pandey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1086\/644645","article-title":"Effect of antimalarial drugs on Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes","volume":"200","author":"Peatey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.10.004","article-title":"An ethnobotany of Western Cape Rasta bush medicine","volume":"138","author":"Philander","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.07.003","article-title":"Investigating South African plants as a source of new antimalarial drugs","volume":"119","author":"Pillay","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00245-8","article-title":"In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of ethnobotanically selected South African plants","volume":"76","author":"Prozesky","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0859-9","article-title":"Antiplasmodial activity of alkaloid extracts from Pavetta crassipes (K. Schum) and Acanthospermum hispidum (DC), two plants used in traditional medicine in Burkina","volume":"90","author":"Sanon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Faso. Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.08.012","article-title":"Are West African plants a source of future antimalarial drugs?","volume":"114","author":"Soh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib83","author":"South African Weather Service"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib84","series-title":"Malaria Eradication Back on the Table","author":"Tanner","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6299(15)30440-3","article-title":"Some medicinal properties of Cussonia and Schefflera species used in traditional medicine","volume":"68","author":"Tetyana","year":"2002","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-894X(02)00350-5","article-title":"Antimalarial compounds from Parinari capensis","volume":"12","author":"Uys","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2005.07.007","article-title":"The antimicrobial, antimalarial and toxicity profiles of helihumulone, leaf essential oil and extracts of Helichrysum cymosum (L.) D. Don subsp. cymosum","volume":"72","author":"Van Vuuren","year":"2006","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2011.08.011","article-title":"The potential of South African plants in the development of new medicinal products","volume":"77","author":"Van Wyk","year":"2011","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib88","series-title":"Medicinal Plants of South Africa","author":"Van Wyk","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6299(15)30451-8","article-title":"In vitro activity of Aloe extracts against Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"68","author":"Van Zyl","year":"2002","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib90","series-title":"Medicinal, Poisonous, and Edible Plants in Namibia","author":"Von Koenen","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib91","series-title":"The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa","author":"Watt","year":"1962"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7475.1156","article-title":"Traditional herbal medicines for malaria","volume":"329","author":"Willcox","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.05.017","article-title":"Argemone mexicana decoction for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria","volume":"101","author":"Willcox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib94","series-title":"Malaria","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib95","series-title":"Global Health Observatory (GHO) Data","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines2020055","article-title":"Extracts from Annona muricata L. And Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae) potently and selectively inhibit Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"2","author":"Yamthe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicines"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.01.014","article-title":"Antimalarial plant remedies from Burkina Faso: their potential for prophylactic use","volume":"140","author":"Yerbanga","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874118342909?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874118342909?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:26:28Z","timestamp":1759940788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874118342909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["S0378874118342909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A review of the traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of malaria","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112176"}}