{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:30:48Z","timestamp":1788953448384,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T02:45:02Z","timestamp":1573094702000},"page":"112377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The effects of sulfur fumigation processing on Panacis Quinquefolii Radix in chemical profile, immunoregulation and liver and kidney injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"249","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shichang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib1","first-page":"136","article-title":"Effects of panax quinquefolium on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: role of C-peptide, nitric oxide and oxidative stress","volume":"4","author":"Amin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.005","article-title":"Sources, distribution, bioavailability, toxicity, and risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s in complementary medicines","volume":"108","author":"Bolan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.3146","article-title":"A purge and trap technique to capture volatile compounds combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography\/time-of-flight mass spectrometry to investigate the effect of sulfur-fumigation on Radix Angelicae Dahuricae","volume":"28","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.c14-00515","article-title":"Quantitative comparison of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids in Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers and their sulfur-fumigated products by three-channel liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib5","first-page":"1357","article-title":"Quantitative analysis coupled with toxic evaluation to investigate the influence of sulfur-fumigation on the quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium","volume":"9","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.07.003","article-title":"Sulfur dioxide residue in sulfur-fumigated edible herbs: the fewer, the safer?","volume":"192","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16640","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191016640","article-title":"Influence of sulfur fumigation on the chemical constituents and antioxidant activity of buds of Lonicera japonica","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.03.047","article-title":"Rapid discrimination of raw and sulfur-fumigated Smilax glabra based on chemical profiles by UHPLC-QTOF-MS\/MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis","volume":"108","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22091402","article-title":"Determination and visualization of peimine and peiminine content in fritillaria thunbergii bulbi treated by sulfur fumigation using hyperspectral imaging with chemometrics","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.08.001","article-title":"Multicomponent assessment and ginsenoside conversions of Panax quinquefolium L. roots before and after steaming by HPLC-MSn","volume":"43","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib11","article-title":"Erzhi formula extracts reverse renal injury in diabetic nephropathy rats by protecting the renal podocytes. Evid. Based complement","volume":"2018","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Altern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.09.030","article-title":"Sulfur fumigation, a better or worse choice in preservation of Traditional Chinese Medicine?","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"4A","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980000000550","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ginseng","volume":"3","author":"Kitts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.10.023","article-title":"Effects of sulfur-fumigation on the pharmacokinetics, metabolites and analgesic activity of Radix Paeoniae Alba","volume":"212","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37959-9","article-title":"Quality evaluation of Panax quinquefolium from different cultivation regions based on their ginsenoside content and radioprotective effects on irradiated mice","volume":"9","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01658A","article-title":"Anti-fatigue effects of small-molecule oligopeptides isolated from Panax quinquefolium L. in mice","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.01.083","article-title":"Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole\/time of flight mass spectrometry based chemical profiling approach to rapidly reveal chemical transformation of sulfur-fumigated medicinal herbs, a case study on white ginseng","volume":"1231","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr., A"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib18","first-page":"S30","article-title":"Element analysis and characteristic identification of non-fumigated and sulfur-fumigated Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. using microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry combined with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry","volume":"10","author":"Lou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.11.023","article-title":"Sulfur fumigation reducing systemic exposure of ginsenosides and weakening immunomodulatory activity of ginseng","volume":"195","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.07.019","article-title":"Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius: from pharmacology to toxicology","volume":"107","author":"Mancuso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib21","first-page":"432","article-title":"Investigation into the impact of sulfur-fumigation on ginsenosides in Panacis Quinquefolii Radix by UPLC combined with PLS","volume":"38","author":"Min","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pharm. Anal."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.03.040","article-title":"The antioxidant effects of aqueous and organic extracts of Panax quinquefolium, Panax notoginseng, Codonopsis pilosula, Pseudostellaria heterophylla and Glehnia littoralis","volume":"93","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.10.034","article-title":"Characterization and immunostimulating effects on murine peritoneal macrophages of a novel protein isolated from Panax quinquefolius L","volume":"193","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.03.003","article-title":"Influence of sulfur fumigation on the chemical profiles of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. evaluated by UFLC-QTOF-MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis","volume":"141","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.08.028","article-title":"Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction and its two fractions against acute alcohol-induced liver injury in rats","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357011777882","article-title":"Immunomodulating activity of CVT-E002, a proprietary extract from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium)","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2003.12.002","article-title":"A proprietary extract from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) enhances IL-2 and IFN-gamma productions in murine spleen cells induced by Con-A","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.09.051","article-title":"Da-Huang-Fu-Zi-Tang attenuates liver injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"150","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5173","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.898177","article-title":"Protective effects of luteolin on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute renal injury in mice","volume":"22","author":"Xin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib31","first-page":"287","article-title":"In vive and in vitro cardioprotective effects of panax quinquefolium 20(S)-protopanaxadiol saponins (PQDS), isolated from panax quinquefolium","volume":"68","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Die Pharmazie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2013.1405","article-title":"Protective effect of Panax quinquefolium 20(S)-protopanaxadiol saponins, isolated from Pana quinquefolium, on permanent focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2014.07.002","article-title":"The sulfur-fumigation reduces chemical composition and biological properties of Angelicae Sinensis Radix","volume":"21","author":"Zhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.08.044","article-title":"Effects of Puerariae radix extract on the increasing intestinal permeability in rat with alcohol-induced liver injury","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.1495","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of five active hydrolysis ingredients from Panax quinquefolium L. by HPLC-ELSD","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.07.009","article-title":"Proapoptic and immunotoxic effects of sulfur-fumigated polysaccharides from Smilax glabra Roxb. in RAW264.7\u202fcells","volume":"292","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.10.038","article-title":"Less SO2 residue may not indicate higher quality, better efficacy and weaker toxicity of sulfur-fumigated herbs: ginseng, a pilot study","volume":"364","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1675","article-title":"Comparative study on intestinal metabolism and absorption in vivo of ginsenosides in sulphur-fumigated and non-fumigated ginseng by ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry based chemical profiling approach","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.160460","article-title":"Region-selective biosynthesis of artemisinic acid glycosides by crown galls of Panax quinquefolium and their in vitro antitumor activities","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874119328399?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874119328399?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T16:29:30Z","timestamp":1759940970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874119328399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S0378874119328399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The effects of sulfur fumigation processing on Panacis Quinquefolii Radix in chemical profile, immunoregulation and liver and kidney injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112377"}}