{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T03:30:25Z","timestamp":1793503825727,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\/26\/E\/HS3\/00452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/26\/E\/HS3\/00452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T13:29:49Z","timestamp":1629206989000},"page":"114535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The real Theriac \u2013 panacea, poisonous drug or quackery?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"281","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9187-5237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Raj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"P\u0119kacka-Falkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8437-2711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"W\u0142odarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1186-5777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"W\u0119glorz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/00026980.2016.1212886","article-title":"Making early modern medicine: reproducing Swedish bitters","volume":"63","author":"Ahnfelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ambix"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112459","article-title":"Metabolite profiling and mechanisms of bioactivity of snake autolysate - a traditional Uzbek medicine","volume":"250","author":"Akbarov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.31254\/phyto.2020.9608","article-title":"History and traditional uses of Tiryaq (Theriac): an important formulation in Unani medicine","volume":"9","author":"Aleem","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phytopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib4","series-title":"Animals in Traditional Folk Medicine\u00a0: Implications for Conservation","author":"Alves","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib5","series-title":"Praeservativ-Mittel Gegen die ansteckende Seuche Unter Dem Horn-Viehe","author":"Anonymous","year":"1745"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib6","series-title":"Kurzer Bericht der leiblichen Artzney","author":"Anonymous","year":"1652"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib7","first-page":"35","article-title":"Ro\u015bliny lecznicze w osiemnastowiecznym polskim poradniku medycznym Compendium medicum auctum. Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 1","volume":"63","author":"Bacler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Medicae Silesiensis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib8","article-title":"Historia plantarum universalis, nova, et absolutissima cum consensu et dissensu circa eas, tomus secundus","author":"Bauhin","year":"1651","journal-title":"Ebroduni"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib9","first-page":"5","article-title":"Medical fiction and pharmaceutical facts about theriac","volume":"24","author":"Bierman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharm. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3406\/pharm.2010.22204","article-title":"La th\u00e9riaque \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque moderne (XVIIe au XXe si\u00e8cle)","volume":"58","author":"Bonnemain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Hist. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib11","series-title":"Nachricht von dem jetzt herrschenden Fleck- und Friesel-Fieber","author":"Bucholtz","year":"1772"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib12","first-page":"2","article-title":"The rise and fall of mithridatium and theriac in pharmaceutical texts","volume":"37","author":"Catellani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib13","series-title":"\u017bycie Puszcza\u0144skie Kurpi\u00f3w","author":"Ch\u0119tnik","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3989\/aem.2013.43.1.02","article-title":"Le couteau de boh\u00e9mond et la th\u00e9riaque \u00e0 vilain. la v\u00e9n\u00e9nologie savante face aux rem\u00e8des \u201cmerveilleux\u201d ou \u201cpopulaires","volume":"43","author":"Collard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anu. Estud. Mediev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib15","series-title":"The Western Medical Tradition 800 BC to AD 1800","author":"Conrad","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib16","article-title":"Dispensatorium hoc est pharmacorum conficiendorum ratio","author":"Cordo","year":"1562","journal-title":"Venetia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib17","series-title":"Ro\u015blinna materia medyczna (1700\u20131950) pod wzgl\u0119dem taksonomii, nomenklatury i terminologii \u0142aci\u0144skiej aptecznej i farmakognostycznej","author":"Drobnik","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Taking histories: joint working of disciplines in medical history scholarship","author":"Duma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib19","series-title":"A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest Times until the Year A.D. 1932, A Medical History of Persia and the Eastern Caliphate: From the Earliest Times until the Year A.D. 1932","author":"Elgood","year":"1951"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1163\/157338207X205115","article-title":"Treating medieval plague: the wonderful virtues of theriac","volume":"12","author":"Fabbri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Early Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib21","article-title":"Pierwszy polski s\u0142ownik farmaceutyczny i jego autor - Pawe\u0142 Guldeniusz","author":"G\u0142owacki","year":"1953","journal-title":"Toru\u0144"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib22","article-title":"Deux livres des venins, Ausquels il est amplement discouru des bestes venimeuses, theriaques, poisons et contrepoisons","author":"Gr\u00e9vin","year":"1568","journal-title":"Anvers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2004.02147.x","article-title":"Venetian treacle and the foundation of medicines regulation","volume":"58","author":"Griffin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib24","series-title":"Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen","author":"Hegnauer","year":"1962"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib25","series-title":"HMPC Monographs: Overview of Recommendations for the Uses of Herbal Medicinal Products in the Paediatric Population","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib26","series-title":"Bemerkungen und Beobachtungen \u00fcber die Pocken in der Epidemie des Jahres 1787","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"1788"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib27","series-title":"The Medicina Plinii\u00a0: Latin Text, Translation, and Commentary","author":"Hunt","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60846-0","article-title":"The theriac in antiquity","volume":"379","author":"Karaberopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib29","series-title":"Toxicology in Antiquity","first-page":"175","article-title":"Theriaca magna: the glorious cure-all remedy","author":"Karamanou","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib30","first-page":"377","article-title":"Opium rampant: medical use, misuse and abuse in britain and the west in the I7th and 18th centuries","volume":"74","author":"Kramer","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib31","article-title":"On theriac to Piso, attributed to galen","volume":"47","author":"Leigh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stud. Ancient Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s13596-018-0341-y","article-title":"Squill (Drimia maritima L.) and its novel biological activity","volume":"19","author":"Mahboubi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orient. Pharm. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib33","series-title":"Science Reason Rhetoric","first-page":"13","article-title":"Rhetoric and rationality in William Harvey's De Motu Cordis","author":"Massey","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1086\/sou.13.4.23205619","article-title":"The serpent as healer: theriac and ancient near eastern pottery","volume":"13","author":"McDonald","year":"1994","journal-title":"Source Notes Hist. Art"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib35","series-title":"The Infancy of Medicine. An Enquiry into the Influence of Folk-Lore upon the Evolution of Scientific Medicine","author":"McKenzie","year":"1927"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1163\/138374209X12542104914000","article-title":"Bolatu's pharmacy theriac in early Modern China","volume":"14","author":"Nappi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Early Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib37","series-title":"Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine","first-page":"281","article-title":"Humoralism","author":"Nutton","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib38","series-title":"Trattato de gl\u2019effetti maravigliosi delle carni di vipere: per conserva il corpo sano, e sicuro da veleni, prolongar la giovent\u00f9, ritardar la vecchiezza, liberare da molti mali incurabili, con altri mirabili effetti","author":"Panicelli","year":"1630"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib39","series-title":"Instructia albo nauka, Iak si\u0119 sprawowa\u0107 Czasu Moru","author":"Petrycy","year":"1613"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib40","series-title":"Tagesbuch (Lebensbeschreibung) 1536-1567","author":"Platter","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib41","series-title":"Recepta duszna y Cielesna, Przeciw Powietrzu Morowemu","author":"Powodowski","year":"1589"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib42","series-title":"Musaeum Poloniae Pharmaceuticum seu artis Pharmaceuticae Experimentalis Spectrum","author":"Pro\u0144","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib43","series-title":"The Poison Trials: Wonder Drugs, Experiment, and the Battle for Authority in Renaissance Science","author":"Rankin","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib44","series-title":"Pharmacopoeia Londinensis or the New London Dispensary","author":"Salmon","year":"1682"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib45","series-title":"General Zoology, or Systematic natural History","author":"Shaw","year":"1802"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib46","series-title":"Herbarz, to jest zi\u00f3\u0142 Tutecznych, Postronnych I zamorskich opisanie","author":"Siennik","year":"1568"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib47","series-title":"Medical Zoology, and Mineralogy: or, Illustrations and Descriptions of the Animals and Minerals Employed in Medicine, and of the Preparations Derived","author":"Stephenson","year":"1832"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib48","series-title":"De theriaca et eius multiplici utilitate, ac recta conficiendi ratione in Andromachi Senioris [\u2026] carmen Graecum de theriaca ex viperis inscriptum, commentarius","author":"Tidicaeus","year":"1607"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib49","series-title":"Theriac and Mithridatium\u00a0: a Study in Therapeutics","author":"Watson","year":"1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib50","article-title":"Lexicon synonymorum pharmaceuticorum in linguis latina, germanica, gallica, anglica, polonica et rossica","author":"Wiorog\u00f3rski","year":"1892","journal-title":"Varsoviae"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31243-5","article-title":"Journal of a plague year","volume":"395","author":"Withington","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535_bib52","series-title":"Grosses vollst\u00e4ndiges Universal-Lexicon aller Wissenschafften und K\u00fcnste","author":"Zedler","year":"1731"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874121007649?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874121007649?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T01:52:46Z","timestamp":1762307566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874121007649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0378874121007649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The real Theriac \u2013 panacea, poisonous drug or quackery?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114535","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114535"}}