{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T02:31:40Z","timestamp":1784687500663,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T11:19:05Z","timestamp":1648725545000},"page":"115250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects and contributory factors of sulfur-fumigation on the efficacy and safety of medicinal herbs evaluated by meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si-Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Hao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan-Shan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song-Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.05.055","article-title":"Discovery of characteristic chemical markers for inspecting sulfur-fumigated Radix Angelicae Sinensis by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole\/time-of-flight mass spectrometry based metabolomics and chemical profiling approach","volume":"76","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1232","article-title":"Estimating data from figures with a Web-based program: considerations for a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Burda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-016-9319-z","article-title":"A guide to conducting a meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Cheung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.06.006","article-title":"Meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"DeMaria","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22990","article-title":"Isatidis Folium alleviates acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice by enhancing the endogenous antioxidant system","volume":"35","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib6","first-page":"2819","article-title":"Effect of Astragali Radix with different sulfur fumigation technologies on immune function in mice","volume":"41","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Mater. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445516673998","article-title":"Intercoder reliability and validity of WebPlotDigitizer in extracting graphed data","volume":"41","author":"Drevon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Modif."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.07.003","article-title":"Sulfur dioxide residue in sulfur-fumigated edible herbs: the fewer, the safer?","volume":"192","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib10","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Higgins","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2017.11.007","article-title":"PXR as a mediator of herb-drug interaction","volume":"26","author":"Hogle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-43","article-title":"SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies","volume":"14","author":"Hooijmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib13","first-page":"258","article-title":"Comparison of anti-stress and immunomodulatory activities between ginseng and its sulfur-fumigated sample","volume":"33","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Univ. Trad. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439853","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5439853","article-title":"Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Processed by Sulfur Fumigation Damaged the Chemical Profile Accompanied by Immunosuppression and Liver Injury","volume":"2020","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112377","article-title":"The effects of sulfur fumigation processing on Panacis Quinquefolii Radix in chemical profile, immunoregulation and liver and kidney injury","volume":"249","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2012.09.030","article-title":"Sulfur fumigation, a better or worse choice in preservation of Traditional Chinese Medicine?","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib17","article-title":"Effect of sulfur-fumigated Rhizoma dioscoreae on organ morphology and function in rats","volume":"29","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res-India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.05.116","article-title":"Influence of sulphur-fumigation on the quality of white ginseng: a quantitative evaluation of major ginsenosides by high performance liquid chromatography","volume":"135","author":"Jin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2011.00084","article-title":"Sulfur fumigation processing of traditional Chinese medicinal herbs: beneficial or detrimental?","volume":"2","author":"Kan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.10.023","article-title":"Effects of sulfur-fumigation on the pharmacokinetics, metabolites and analgesic activity of Radix Paeoniae Alba","volume":"212","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.01.083","article-title":"Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole\/time of flight mass spectrometry based chemical profiling approach to rapidly reveal chemical transformation of sulfur-fumigated medicinal herbs, a case study on white ginseng","volume":"1231","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib22","first-page":"1969","article-title":"Effect of Codonopsis Radix maintained with sulfur fumigation on immune function in mice","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib23","first-page":"4713","article-title":"UHPLC-HRMS metabonomics to study effect of sulfur-fumigated Ophiopogonis Radix on endogenous metabolites in rats","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Mater. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib24","first-page":"39","article-title":"Comparative study on anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of sulfur-fumigation and non-sulfur-fumigation Angelica dahurica","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Clin. Chin. Materia Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.11.023","article-title":"Sulfur fumigation reducing systemic exposure of ginsenosides and weakening immunomodulatory activity of ginseng","volume":"195","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2020.1865409","article-title":"Comparison of the antioxidant activities of nonfumigated and sulphur-fumigated Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Hang-ju induced by oxidative stress","volume":"59","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib27","first-page":"616","article-title":"The effects of sulfur-fumigation Angelica dahurica on analgesic effect in mice","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"West China J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib28","first-page":"2801","article-title":"Research development of harmful substances and its harm of traditional Chinese medicine after sulfur fumigation","volume":"39","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Mater. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20142","article-title":"DNA damage in mice treated with sulfur dioxide by inhalation","volume":"46","author":"Meng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112799","article-title":"Effect of sulfur-fumigation process on ginseng: metabolism and absorption evidences","volume":"256","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib31","first-page":"62","article-title":"Herbal supplement sales in US increase by 9.4% in 2018","volume":"123","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"HerbalGram"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d4002","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002","article-title":"Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials","volume":"343","author":"Sterne","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02533-0","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for Crohn's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib34","first-page":"4852","article-title":"Effect of different sulfur fumigation dosages on activity of browning enzymes and chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Boju","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Meteria Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib35","first-page":"3074","article-title":"Quality assessment of sulfur-fumigated paeoniae alba radix","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Mater. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.02.004","article-title":"Introducing traditional herbal medicine into conventional health care in treating ulcerative colitis: primum non nocere","volume":"154","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.05.062","article-title":"Honokiol alleviates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity via decreasing generation of acetaminophen-protein adducts in liver","volume":"230","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib38","first-page":"2571","article-title":"Comparison of sulfur fumigation processing and direct hot air heating technology on puerarin contents and efficacy of Puerariae Thomsonii Radix","volume":"41","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Mater. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.01.026","article-title":"Chemical profiles, antioxidant activity and acute toxicity of raw and sulfur-fumigated Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma","volume":"234","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2014.07.002","article-title":"The sulfur-fumigation reduces chemical composition and biological properties of Angelicae Sinensis Radix","volume":"21","author":"Zhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.10.151","article-title":"UPLC-QTOF-MS\/MS-guided isolation and purification of sulfur-containing derivatives from sulfur-fumigated edible herbs, a case study on ginseng","volume":"246","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02084-3","article-title":"Structural analogues in herbal medicine ginseng hit a shared target to achieve cumulative bioactivity","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.10.038","article-title":"Less SO2 residue may not indicate higher quality, better efficacy and weaker toxicity of sulfur-fumigated herbs: ginseng, a pilot study","volume":"364","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13092917","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of astaxanthin on human skin ageing","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO03341C","article-title":"Efficacy of ginseng and its ingredients as adjuvants to chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1675","article-title":"Comparative study on intestinal metabolism and absorption in vivo of ginsenosides in sulphur-fumigated and non-fumigated ginseng by ultra performance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry based chemical profiling approach","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250_bib47","first-page":"618","article-title":"Comparative study of chemical ingredients and pharmacological effects on sulphur fumigated or fresh cut of Fritillaria Thunbergii","volume":"34","author":"Zhuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Arch. Trad. Chin. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874122002896?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874122002896?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T16:39:49Z","timestamp":1740069589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874122002896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0378874122002896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects and contributory factors of sulfur-fumigation on the efficacy and safety of medicinal herbs evaluated by meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115250","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115250"}}