{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T01:03:43Z","timestamp":1759971823647,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T20:50:09Z","timestamp":1652734209000},"page":"115389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Antiplasmodial and antimycobacterial activities of crude and lead-like enhanced extracts from Namibian medicinal plants"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"295","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8107-708X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celestine","family":"Raidron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Jordaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0357-7222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronnett","family":"Seldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4146-0930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Digby F.","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"de Kock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dale","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3122-8812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Louw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5014-7110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suthananda","family":"Sunassee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2924-0601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renate Hazel","family":"Hans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2012.05.020","article-title":"Pathway-selective sensitization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for target-based whole-cell screening","volume":"27","author":"Abrahams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101746","article-title":"Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in Africa","volume":"385","author":"Balikagala","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2013.03.007","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plant resources: the role of analysis in the ethnopharmacological approach","volume":"87","author":"Brusotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/03670241003766014","article-title":"The importance of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) in rural West African subsistence - suggestion of a cautionary approach to international market export of baobab fruits","volume":"12","author":"Buchmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Food Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NP00011A","article-title":"Synergy and antagonism in natural product extracts: when 1+ 1 does not equal 2","volume":"36","author":"Caesar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1021\/np200687v","article-title":"Drug-like properties: guiding principles for the design of natural product libraries","volume":"75","author":"Camp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201200302","article-title":"Front-loading natural-product-screening libraries for log P: background, development, and implementation","volume":"10","author":"Camp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112176","article-title":"A review of the traditional use of Southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of malaria","volume":"245","author":"Cock","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.2.344","article-title":"Green fluorescent protein reporter microplate assay for high-throughput screening of compounds against","volume":"42","author":"Collins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.02.008","article-title":"Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads","volume":"1830","author":"Cragg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NP00021H","article-title":"Predicting natural product value, an exploration of anti-TB drug space","volume":"31","author":"Dashti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235723","article-title":"Quantifying synergy in the bioassay-guided fractionation of natural product extracts","volume":"15","author":"Dettweiler","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25102384","article-title":"Discovery of a natural product that binds to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein Rv1466 using native mass spectrometry","volume":"25","author":"Elnaas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib16","first-page":"453","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of methods used for the evaluation of compounds against","volume":"1","author":"Franzblau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2013.08.018","article-title":"Antimycobacterial activity of ellagitannin and ellagic acid derivative rich crude extracts and fractions of five selected species of Terminalia used for treatment of infectious diseases in African traditional medicine","volume":"90","author":"Fyhrquist","year":"2014","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.04.033","article-title":"Inhibitory properties of selected South African medicinal plants against Mycobacterum tuberculosis","volume":"130","author":"Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6070","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201402239","article-title":"NMR fingerprints of the drug-like natural-product space identify iotrochotazine A: a chemical probe to study Parkinson's disease","volume":"53","author":"Grkovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2017.1309440","article-title":"Plants in our combating strategies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: progress made and obstacles met","volume":"55","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30288-6","article-title":"Potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study","volume":"8","author":"Hogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.04.016","article-title":"Recent advances in screening active components from natural products based on bioaffinity techniques","volume":"10","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2016.1248369","article-title":"Development of new antituberculosis drugs from natural products","volume":"81","author":"Igarashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(02)00726-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of pentacyclic triterpenes isolated from African Combretaceae","volume":"63","author":"Katerere","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib25","first-page":"808979","article-title":"Synergistic antimycobacterial actions of Knowltonia vesicatoria (L.f) Sims. Evid. Based","author":"Labuschagn\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30047-3","article-title":"Drug-associated adverse events in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"year":"2003","series-title":"Gemsbok Bean & Kalahari Truffle Traditional Plant Use by Jul'hoansi in North-Eastern Namibia","author":"Leffers","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib27"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.48.739","article-title":"Parasite lactate dehydrogenase as an assay for Plasmodium falciparum drug sensitivity","volume":"48","author":"Makler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib30","first-page":"5076","article-title":"Assessment of antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of stem and root barks from Adansonia digitata (Bombacaceae) (African baobab)","volume":"8","author":"Masola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"194","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.10.072","article-title":"Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, toxicology and pharmacological properties of Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. (Combretaceae) \u2013 a review","volume":"24","author":"Mongalo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9010044","article-title":"Medicinal plants of the Maasai of Kenya: a review","volume":"9","author":"Nankaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib33","series-title":"Essential Oil Research","article-title":"The phytochemical composition, biological effects and biotechnological approaches to the production of high-value essential oil from Geranium","author":"Narnoliya","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2018.09.015","article-title":"Inhibition of mycothione disulphide reductase and mycobacterial biofilm by selected South African plants","volume":"120","author":"Oosthuizen","year":"2019","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib35","first-page":"46","article-title":"Drug discovery and development with plant-derived compounds","volume":"65","author":"Potterat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Drug Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1039\/c3np20094a","article-title":"Concepts and technologies for tracking bioactive compounds in natural product extracts: generation of libraries, and hyphenation of analytical processes with bioassays","volume":"30","author":"Potterat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.2174\/138945009787581113","article-title":"Modern approaches in the search for new lead antiparasitic compounds from higher plants","volume":"10","author":"Queiroz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(15)30174-X","article-title":"Adansonia digitata L. (baobab): a review of traditional information and taxonomic description","volume":"5","author":"Rahul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"issue":"126","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104524","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA17553D","article-title":"NMR fingerprints, an integrated approach to uncover the unique components of the drug-like natural product metabolome of termite gut-associated Streptomyces species","volume":"5","author":"Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"year":"2006","series-title":"The Antimicrobial and Antimycobacterial Activity of Plants Used for the Treatment of Respiratory Ailmants in Southern Africa and the Isolation of Anacardic Acid from Ozoroa paniculosa","author":"Seaman","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib40"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107629","article-title":"Medicinal plants used in the treatment of tuberculosis - ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological approaches","volume":"44","author":"Sharifi-Rad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib42","first-page":"429","article-title":"Chemistry, biology and uses of Adansonia digitata-a review","volume":"23","author":"Shukla","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Medicinal Aromat. Plant Sci."},{"year":"2002","series-title":"Baobab-Adansonia Digitata. Fruits for the Future 4","author":"Sidibe","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib43"},{"year":"1998","series-title":"Database of Damara Ethnobotany","author":"Sullivan","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib44"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.09.035","article-title":"Medicinal plants used by traditional medicine practitioners in the treatment of tuberculosis and related ailments in Uganda","volume":"127","author":"Tabuti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.8b00389","article-title":"NCI program for natural product discovery: a publicly-accessible library of natural product fractions for high-throughput screening","volume":"13","author":"Thornburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"4254","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1126\/science.781840","article-title":"Human malaria parasites in continuous culture","volume":"193","author":"Trager","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-018-0208-3","article-title":"Application of metabolomics to drug discovery and understanding the mechanisms of action of medicinal plants with anti-tuberculosis activity","volume":"7","author":"Tuyiringire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"year":"2001","series-title":"Medicinal, Poisonous and Edible Plants in Namibia","author":"Von Koenen","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib50"},{"year":"2020","series-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2020","author":"WHO","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib51"},{"year":"2020","series-title":"Global Malaria Report 2020","author":"WHO","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib54"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib52","first-page":"129","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Adansonia digitata stem bark extracts on some clinical bacterial isolates","volume":"6","author":"Yusha\u2019u","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Health Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2017.07.003","article-title":"Application of 1H NMR-based metabolomics for discrimination of different parts and development of a new processing workflow for Cistanche deserticola","volume":"7","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B."}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874122004287?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874122004287?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T17:26:43Z","timestamp":1759944403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874122004287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0378874122004287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0378-8741"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antiplasmodial and antimycobacterial activities of crude and lead-like enhanced extracts from Namibian medicinal plants","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115389","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115389"}}