{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:01:01Z","timestamp":1789509661672,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81973561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81973561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019A1515011365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515011365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021A1515010580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515010580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T14:30:30Z","timestamp":1686839430000},"page":"116782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge extracts on improving the efficacy and reducing the toxicity of Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosides in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"317","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5864-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiqin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehao","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaokun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongxiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2015.01.011","article-title":"Celastrol, a Chinese herbal compound, controls autoimmune inflammation by altering the balance of pathogenic and regulatory T cells in the target organ","volume":"157","author":"Astry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093050","article-title":"Increased levels of omega-3 fatty acids and DHA are linked to pain reduction in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with janus kinase inhibitors","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103223441207","article-title":"Cytokine pathways and joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"344","author":"Choy","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163087","article-title":"Exploring the inflammatory metabolomic profile to predict response to TNF-\u03b1 inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Cuppen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R101","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6118","article-title":"How to evaluate the microcirculation: report of a round table conference","volume":"11","author":"De Backer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.680073","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei CCFM1074 alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in rats via balancing Treg\/Th17 and modulating the metabolites and gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2018.0270","article-title":"Nephrotoxicity of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f preparations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alternative Compl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200002)43:2<250::AID-ANR3>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis is a source of osteoclast differentiation factor","volume":"43","author":"Gravallese","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.92","article-title":"Modulation of IL-37 expression by triptolide and triptonide in THP-1 cells","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib10","first-page":"305","article-title":"Immunogenetics of type II collagen autoimmunity and susceptibility to collagen arthritis","volume":"65","author":"Holmdahl","year":"1988","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7391","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7568","article-title":"Triptolide inhibits proliferation, differentiation and induces apoptosis of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells","volume":"16","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114602","article-title":"Fengshi Qutong capsule ameliorates bone destruction of experimental rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis","volume":"282","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115802","article-title":"Wutou decoction attenuates the synovial inflammation of collagen-induced arthritis rats via regulating macrophage M1\/M2 type polarization","volume":"301","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib14","article-title":"Triptolide prevents bone destruction in the collagen-induced arthritis model of rheumatoid arthritis by targeting RANKL\/RANK\/OPG signal pathway","volume":"2013","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid Based Compl. Alternat Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271221097365","article-title":"Tanshinone IIA alleviate rifampicin-induced cholestasis by regulating the expression and function of bile salt export pump","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2021-0016","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of fatty acids in Tripterygium wilfordii multiglucoside- and triptolide-induced liver-injured rats","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-03169-7","article-title":"Serum metabolomic and lipidomic profiling identifies diagnostic biomarkers for seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"19","author":"Luan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-018-0649-5","article-title":"Immunoregulatory effects of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F and its extracts in clinical practice","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TX00115D","article-title":"Plasma metabolic profiling analysis of Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. and Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F-induced renal toxicity using metabolomics coupled with UPLC\/Q-TOF-MS","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2094","article-title":"Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"7","author":"McInnes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2017.12.024","article-title":"Oxidative stress, consequences and ROS mediated cellular signaling in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"281","author":"Phull","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.05.010","article-title":"Integrated targeted sphingolipidomics and transcriptomics reveal abnormal sphingolipid metabolism as a novel mechanism of the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of triptolide","volume":"170","author":"Qu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01250","article-title":"Adverse events associated with treatment of Hook F: a quantitative evidence synthesis","volume":"10","author":"Ru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1474170","article-title":"Bioactivities, biosynthesis and biotechnological production of phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza","volume":"59","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib25","article-title":"Transcriptome and lipid metabolomics-based discovery: glycyrrhizic acid alleviates Tripterygium glycoside tablet-induced acute liver injury by regulating the activities of CYP and the metabolism of phosphoglycerides","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib26","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"4","author":"Smolen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib27","first-page":"163","article-title":"Salvia miltiorrhiza: traditional medicinal uses, chemistry, and pharmacology","volume":"13","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6652","article-title":"Salvia miltiorrhiza stem-leaf active components of salvianolic acids and flavonoids improved the hemorheological disorder and vascular endothelial function on microcirculation dysfunction rats","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.7.793","article-title":"The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United Kingdom: new estimates for a new century","volume":"41","author":"Symmons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780341011","article-title":"Effect of an extract of the Chinese herbal remedy Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F on human immune responsiveness","volume":"34","author":"Tao","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.146.3.857","article-title":"Autoimmunity to type II collagen an experimental model of arthritis","volume":"146","author":"Trentham","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1194-x","article-title":"Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F versus conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs as monotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Compl. Alternative Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2017.06.011","article-title":"Metabolomics highlights pharmacological bioactivity and biochemical mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114368","article-title":"Traditional herbal medicine: therapeutic potential in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"279","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.12.004","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of Cryptotanshinone on collagen-induced arthritis in rats via inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway","volume":"165","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9533-9","article-title":"Development and application of a comprehensive lipidomic analysis to investigate Tripterygium wilfordii-induced liver injury","volume":"408","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib37","first-page":"3406","article-title":"[Overview of reproductive toxicity studies on Tripterygium wilfordii in recent 40 years]","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.10.005","article-title":"Triptolide inhibits the migration and invasion of rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes by blocking the activation of the JNK MAPK pathway","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R031278","article-title":"Sphingolipids: regulators of crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy","volume":"54","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109367","article-title":"Guizhi-Shaoyao-Zhimu decoction possesses anti-arthritic effects on type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats via suppression of inflammatory reactions, inhibition of invasion & migration and induction of apoptosis in synovial fibroblasts","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib41","first-page":"142","article-title":"Tripterygium wilfordii inhibiting angiogenesis for rheumatoid arthritis treatment","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21762","article-title":"Tripterygium wilfordii: an inspiring resource for rheumatoid arthritis treatment","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782_bib43","article-title":"Tripterygium wilfordii glycosides ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis and aberrant lipid metabolism in rats","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874123006505?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874123006505?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T17:39:09Z","timestamp":1759945149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874123006505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0378874123006505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge extracts on improving the efficacy and reducing the toxicity of Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosides in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116782","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116782"}}