{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:59:12Z","timestamp":1790128752845,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007782","name":"Tshwane University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T23:32:59Z","timestamp":1722036779000},"page":"118632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Exploring the wound healing potential of Lobostemon fruticosus using in vitro and in vivo bioassays"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"336","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1154-2596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mashilo R.","family":"Kgosana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxleene","family":"Sandasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efficient","family":"Ncube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4521-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilze","family":"Vermaak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrisna","family":"Gouws","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6810-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro M.","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054166","article-title":"Validation of the zebrafish pentylenetetrazol seizure model: locomotor versus electrographic responses to antiepileptic drugs","volume":"8","author":"Afrikanova","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2018.v11i9.26987","article-title":"The wound healing property of Thyme oleoresin from Thymus vulgaris L. on HaCat keratinocytes","volume":"11","author":"Anitha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharmaceut. Clin. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2016.11.014","article-title":"The wound healing assay revisited: a transport phenomena approach","volume":"160","author":"Ascione","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022820","article-title":"The regenerative capacity of the zebrafish caudal fin is not affected by repeated amputations","volume":"6","author":"Azevedo","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.02.016","article-title":"Bioactive constituents of Lobostemon fruticosus: anti-inflammatory properties and quantitative analysis of samples from different places in South Africa","volume":"131","author":"Bedane","year":"2020","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600830511","article-title":"Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in commercial comfrey products","volume":"83","author":"Betz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pharmaceut. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib7","series-title":"Evaluating the Anti-proliferative Effects of Methanol and Butanol Extracts of Lobostemon Fruticosus on a Pancreatic Cancer Cell Line ASPC-1. PhD Thesis","author":"Blose","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.9b00335","article-title":"Use of zebrafish in drug discovery toxicology","volume":"33","author":"Cassar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1988.6692343x","article-title":"Toxicity and metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids","volume":"66","author":"Cheeke","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114282","article-title":"Anti-seizure activity of African medicinal plants: the identification of bioactive alkaloids from the stem bark of Rauvolfia caffra using an in vivo zebrafish model","volume":"279","author":"Chipiti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7371","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087371","article-title":"Anti-skin inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of the neoflavonoid latifolin isolated from Dalbergia odorifera in HaCaT and BJ-5ta Cells","volume":"24","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"PA","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.10.008","article-title":"Spirulina maxima derived marine pectin promotes the in vitro and in vivo regeneration and wound healing in zebrafish","volume":"107","author":"Edirisinghe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib14","series-title":"Lobostemon Fruticosus (L.) H.Buek. National Assessment: Red List of South African Plants Version","author":"Foden","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2005.07.001","article-title":"In vitro cytotoxicity assays: comparison of LDH, neutral red, MTT and protein assay in hepatoma cell lines following exposure to cadmium chloride","volume":"160","author":"Fotakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9110350","article-title":"Wound healing effects of Aloe muth-muth: In vitro investigations using immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT)","volume":"9","author":"Fouch\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2015.05.006","article-title":"Enhanced cutaneous wound healing by Senecio serratuloides (Asteraceae\/Compositae) in a pig model","volume":"100","author":"Gould","year":"2015","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib18","series-title":"Combining Selected Medicinal Plants Extracts to Improve Wound Healing of the Skin","author":"Hattingh","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib19","series-title":"Evidence-Based Validation of Herbal Medicine","first-page":"149","article-title":"Chapter 6 \u2013 proangiogenic potential of medicinal plants in wound healing \u2013 mukherjee, Pulok K","author":"Kasote","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20181","article-title":"Early fin primordia of zebrafish larvae regenerate by a similar growth control mechanism with adult regeneration","volume":"231","author":"Kawakami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Dynam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib21","series-title":"Fast Facts for Wound Care Nursing: Practical Wound Management in a Nutshell","author":"Kifer","year":"2011"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib22","first-page":"4908","article-title":"Risks for human health related to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey, tea, herbal infusions and food supplements","volume":"15","author":"Knutsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Food Safety Authority Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2012.08.001","article-title":"In vitro cell migration and invasion assays","volume":"752","author":"Kramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2017.01.005","article-title":"Identification and characterization of phenolics and terpenoids from ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus species by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS\/MS","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.30","article-title":"In vitro scratch assay: a convenient and inexpensive method for analysis of cell migration in vitro","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"95","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Capturing tissue repair in zebrafish larvae with time-lapse brightfield stereomicroscopy","author":"Lisse","year":"2015","journal-title":"JoVE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib27","first-page":"115","article-title":"Breaking seed dormancy in Lobostemon fruticosus","volume":"vol. 1204","author":"Lodama","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb5020043","article-title":"HaCaT keratinocytes response on antimicrobial atelocollagen substrates: extent of cytotoxicity, cell viability and proliferation","volume":"5","author":"L\u00f3pez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2020.1757166","article-title":"Pyrrolizidine alkaloid profiling of four Boraginaceae species from Northern Germany and implications for the analytical scope proposed for monitoring of maximum levels","volume":"37","author":"M\u00e4dge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib30","first-page":"3646","article-title":"Lobostemon fruticosus: a review of its botany, medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities","volume":"11","author":"Maroyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmaceut. Sci. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063099","article-title":"Healing of skin wounds in rats using creams based on Symphytum officinale extract","volume":"25","author":"M\u00e2rza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.105.018044","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation inhibits regenerative growth","volume":"69","author":"Mathew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib33","first-page":"192","article-title":"Anesthesia and euthanasia in zebrafish","volume":"53","author":"Matthews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib34","series-title":"Investigating the Wound Healing Properties of South African Medicinal Plants Using the Zebrafish Angiogenesis Assay","author":"Mhlongo","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114867","article-title":"Evaluation of the wound healing properties of South African medicinal plants using zebrafish and in vitro bioassays","volume":"286","author":"Mhlongo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib36","series-title":"Use and Conservation Status of Medicinal Plants in the Cape Peninsula, Western Cape Province of South Africa","author":"Mintsa Mi Nzue","year":"2009"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2017.0017","article-title":"Phyto\u2010assisted synthesis of bio\u2010functionalised silver nanoparticles and their potential anti\u2010oxidant, anti\u2010microbial and wound healing activities","volume":"11","author":"Mohanta","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"Suppl. l_15","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2015-5543","article-title":"Elucidating the cytotoxic effects of taxol, camptothecin and Lobostemon fruticosus extracts on non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"75","author":"Motadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.16","article-title":"Adult zebrafish as a model system for cutaneous wound-healing research","volume":"133","author":"Richardson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2165.2010.00509.x","article-title":"Original Contribution: wound-healing properties of nut oil from Pouteria lucuma","volume":"9","author":"Rojo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86692-3","article-title":"Phytochemical profile and rosmarinic acid purification from two Peruvian Lepechinia willd. Species (salviinae, mentheae, lamiaceae)","volume":"11","author":"Serrano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2018.08.019","article-title":"Rooting and survival of Lobostemon fruticosus (L) H. Buek stem cuttings as affected by season, media and cutting position","volume":"119","author":"Swarts","year":"2018","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2016.11.007","article-title":"Studies on wound healing potential of polyherbal formulation using in vitro and in vivo assays","volume":"8","author":"Talekar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1139\/y04-023","article-title":"Modulation of gastrin and epidermal growth factor by pyrrolizidine alkaloids obtained from Senecio brasiliensis in acute and chronic induced gastric ulcers","volume":"82","author":"Toma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.2996","article-title":"Globoidnan A, rabdosiin and globoidnan B as new phenolic markers in European\u2010sourced comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) root samples","volume":"32","author":"Trifan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib45","author":"Van der Walt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib46","series-title":"Medicinal Plants of South Africa","author":"Van Wyk","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.10.016","article-title":"Mammalian cell models to advance our understanding of wound healing: a review","volume":"210","author":"Vidmar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-020-00398-3","article-title":"Adverse effects in the fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test: a catalogue of unspecific morphological changes versus more specific effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos","volume":"32","author":"Von Hellfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib49","series-title":"The Zebrafish Book. A Guide for the Laboratory Use of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)","author":"Westerfield","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104694","article-title":"Cannabidiol promotes fin regeneration and reduces apoptosis in zebrafish embryos","volume":"86","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct.Foods"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib51","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus impairs dermal fibroblast functions with deleterious effects on wound healing","volume":"35","author":"Yokota","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB (Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol.) J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075010","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1075010","article-title":"Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and health risk of three Boraginaceae used in TCM","volume":"14","author":"Zan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.120441","article-title":"Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory effects of an arabinan isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch","volume":"303","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119712","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874124009310?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874124009310?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T15:42:27Z","timestamp":1744904547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874124009310"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0378874124009310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632","relation":{"erratum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119712","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exploring the wound healing potential of Lobostemon fruticosus using in vitro and in vivo bioassays","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118632","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118632"}}