{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T04:13:51Z","timestamp":1768796031472,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T15:25:03Z","timestamp":1725377103000},"page":"118767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"P1","title":["The preventive effectiveness of Crocus sativus extract in treating lung injuries caused by inhaled paraquat in rats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"337","author":[{"given":"Arghavan","family":"Memarzia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sima","family":"Beigoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Eshaghi Ghalibaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyedeh Zahra","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Abbasian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erfan","family":"Mahzoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Naderi Toosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nema","family":"Mohammadian Roshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5736-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Boskabady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib1","first-page":"339","article-title":"Biological properties and medicinal use of saffron (Crocus sativus L.)","volume":"739","author":"Abdullaev","year":"2006","journal-title":"II International Symposium on Saffron Biology and Technology"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(03)00098-5","article-title":"Use of in vitro assays to assess the potential antigenotoxic and cytotoxic effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.)","volume":"17","author":"Abdullaev","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1071514","article-title":"Effect of saffron supplementation on oxidative stress markers (MDA, TAC, TOS, GPx, SOD, and pro-oxidant\/antioxidant balance): an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Abedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib4","article-title":"Understanding of Iranian saffron","author":"Abrishami","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tous, Tehran"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1761","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by inhaled paraquat in rat improved by carvacrol, possible role of PPAR\u03b3 receptors","volume":"47","author":"Amin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib6","first-page":"930","article-title":"Carvacrol and Zataria multiflora influenced the PPAR\u03b3 agonist effects on systemic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by inhaled paraquat in rat","volume":"23","author":"Amin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib7","article-title":"Inhaled paraquat-induced lung injury in rat, improved by the extract of Zataria multiflora boiss and PPAR\u03b3 agonist, pioglitazone","volume":"102335","author":"Amin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib8","article-title":"Zataria multiflora and pioglitazone affect systemic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by inhaled paraquat in rats","volume":"2021","author":"Amin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125633","article-title":"Immediate and late systemic and lung effects of inhaled paraquat in rats","volume":"415","author":"Amin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1159\/000168676","article-title":"Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand, suppresses bleomycin-induced acute lung injury and fibrosis","volume":"77","author":"Aoki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib11","series-title":"Impact of Pesticide Use on Health in Developing Countries","article-title":"Pulmonary obstructive disease in a population using paraquat in Colombia","author":"Arroyave","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2022.2163985","article-title":"Protective effects of natural compounds against paraquat-induced pulmonary toxicity: the role of the Nrf2\/ARE signaling pathway","volume":"34","author":"Badibostan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib13","first-page":"249","article-title":"The potential effect of the extract of Crocus sativus and safranal on the total and differential white blood cells of ovalbumin-sensitized Guinea pigs","volume":"7","author":"Bayrami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2024.107687","article-title":"Improvement of inhaled paraquat induced lung and systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and memory changes by safranal","volume":"241","author":"Beigoli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2013.08.004","article-title":"The effect of safranal, a constituent of Crocus sativus (saffron), on tracheal responsiveness, serum levels of cytokines, total NO and nitrite in sensitized Guinea pigs","volume":"66","author":"Boskabady","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5622","article-title":"Antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of Crocus sativus L. and its main constituents","volume":"30","author":"Boskabady","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2174\/9781681087511119010004","article-title":"The effect of crocus sativus (saffron) on the respiratory system: traditional and experimental evidence","volume":"1","author":"Boskabady","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Spices Culinary Herbs-Latest Lab Pre-Clin Clin Stud"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2011.1697","article-title":"The effect of Crocus sativus extract on human lymphocytes' cytokines and T helper 2\/T helper 1 balance","volume":"14","author":"Boskabady","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(88)90198-4","article-title":"Pulmonary effects of repeated exposures to paraquat aerosol in Guinea pigs","volume":"10","author":"Burleigh-Flayer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Fund. Appl. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.03.014","article-title":"The effect of the extract of Crocus sativus on tracheal responsiveness and plasma levels of IL-4, IFN-\u03b3, total NO and nitrite in ovalbumin sensitized Guinea-pigs","volume":"147","author":"Byrami","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.856441","article-title":"Paraquat induces lung injury via miR-199-mediated SET in a mouse model","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1864279","article-title":"Saffron bioactives crocin, crocetin and safranal: effect on oxidative stress and mechanisms of action","volume":"62","author":"Cerd\u00e1-Bernad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2011-100244","article-title":"Paraquat application and respiratory health effects among South Korean farmers","volume":"69","author":"Cha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib25","first-page":"213","article-title":"The psychopharmacology of saffron, a plant with putative antidepressant and neuroprotective properties","author":"Csupor","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2022-0468","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of crocin and crocin-loaded niosomes against the paraquat-induced oxidative brain damage in rats","volume":"17","author":"Daneshvar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-022-00502-8","article-title":"FGF1 alleviates LPS-induced acute lung injury via suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"28","author":"Dhlamini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2018-0111","article-title":"Chronic pesticide mixture exposure including paraquat and respiratory outcomes among Colombian farmers","volume":"58","author":"D\u00edaz-Criollo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440701669959","article-title":"Paraquat poisonings: mechanisms of lung toxicity, clinical features, and treatment","volume":"38","author":"Dinis-Oliveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58599-y","article-title":"Toxicology of paraquat and pharmacology of the protective effect of 5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin on lung injury caused by paraquat based on metabolomics","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2023.107090","article-title":"Paraquat-induced systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in rats improved by Curcuma longa ethanolic extract, curcumin and a PPAR agonist","volume":"227","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib32","first-page":"414","article-title":"Comparative effects of Curcuma longa and curcumin on paraquat-induced systemic and lung oxidative stress and inflammation in rats","volume":"12","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2022.105278","article-title":"Phlebotomy-induced iron deficiency attenuates the pulmonary toxicity of paraquat in mice","volume":"188","author":"Gohari-Piran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2217\/fca-2017-0019","article-title":"PPARs: regulators of metabolism and as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Part II: PPAR-\u03b2\/\u03b4 and PPAR-\u03b3","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Cardiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-123711","article-title":"Cromolyn sodium attenuates paraquat-induced lung injury by modulation of proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"67","author":"Harchegani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1668173","article-title":"The effect of Zataria multiflora hydroalcoholic extract on memory and lung changes induced by rats that inhaled paraquat","volume":"24","author":"Heydari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2019.1675707","article-title":"Evaluation of the protective effects of curcumin and nanocurcumin against lung injury induced by sub-acute exposure to paraquat in rats","volume":"40","author":"Hosseini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.10.016","article-title":"An evaluation of the effect of saffron supplementation on the antibody titer to heat-shock protein (HSP) 70, hsCRP and spirometry test in patients with mild and moderate persistent allergic asthma: a triple-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"145","author":"Hosseini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2003.12.017","article-title":"Protective effects of preischemic treatment with pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b3 ligand, on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats","volume":"25","author":"Ito","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardio. Thorac. Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib40","first-page":"376","article-title":"The effects of Crocus sativus (saffron) and its constituents on nervous system: a review","volume":"5","author":"Khazdair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avicenna journal of phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111774","article-title":"A qualitative and quantitative comparison of Crocus sativus and Nigella sativa immunomodulatory effects","volume":"140","author":"Khazdair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib42","first-page":"789","article-title":"Interaction of saffron and its constituents with Nrf2 signaling pathway: a review","volume":"25","author":"Khoshandam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23352","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid protective effects on paraquat\u2010induced pulmonary oxidative damage and fibrosis in rats","volume":"37","author":"Larki\u2010Harchegani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.12.001","article-title":"Chronic exposure to microcystin-LR affected mitochondrial DNA maintenance and caused pathological changes of lung tissue in mice","volume":"210","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Protective effect of Xuebijing injection on paraquat-induced pulmonary injury via down-regulating the expression of p38 MAPK in rats","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Compl. Alternative Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib46","first-page":"356","article-title":"Hydroalcoholic extract of Crocus sativus effects on bronchial inflammatory cells in ovalbumin sensitized rats","volume":"3","author":"Mahmoudabady","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avicenna journal of phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6480590","article-title":"Potential role of phytochemical extract from saffron in development of functional foods and protection of brain-related disorders","volume":"2022","author":"Maqbool","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22370","article-title":"Ameliorative role of aspirin in paraquat\u2010induced lung toxicity via mitochondrial mechanisms","volume":"33","author":"Marashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib49","first-page":"640","article-title":"Effects of Crocus sativus and its constituent, safranal, and pioglitazone, on systemic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by paraquat aerosol in rats","volume":"27","author":"Memarzia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib50","article-title":"The effects of Crocus sativus extract on inhaled paraquat-induced lung inflammation, oxidative stress, pathological changes and tracheal responsiveness in rats","volume":"107316","author":"Memarzia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2023.107316","article-title":"The effects of Crocus sativus extract on inhaled paraquat-induced lung inflammation, oxidative stress, pathological changes and tracheal responsiveness in rats","volume":"235","author":"Memarzia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib52","article-title":"Effects of Crocus sativus and its constituent, safranal, and pioglitazone, on systemic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by PQ aerosol in rats","author":"Memarzia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib53","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Razi's Al-Hawi and saffron (Crocus sativus): a review","volume":"18","author":"Mollazadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iranian journal of basic medical sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.01.020","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 activation blocks development and reduces established neuropathic pain in rats","volume":"70","author":"Morgenweck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib55","first-page":"57","article-title":"Historical uses of saffron: identifying potential new avenues for modern research","volume":"1","author":"Mousavi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib56","series-title":"Health and Medicinal Properties of Saffron, Handbook of Oleoresins","first-page":"63","author":"Muzzaffar","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3989\/gya.0783211","article-title":"Effect of different extraction methods on saffron antioxidant activity, total phenolic and crocin contents and the protective effect of saffron extract on the oxidative stability of common vegetable oils","volume":"73","author":"Najafi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Grasas Aceites"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2015.12.008","article-title":"Effect of crocin extracted from saffron on pro-oxidant\u2013anti-oxidant balance in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Nikbakht-Jam","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Integrative Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib59","article-title":"Investigating the impact of inhaled paraquat: a comprehensive evaluation protocol","volume":"102782","author":"Rahbardar","year":"2024","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2016.08.08","article-title":"Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid attenuates paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis by preventing Smad7 from deacetylation in rats","volume":"8","author":"Rao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205535","article-title":"Beneficial effects of ascorbic acid to treat lung fibrosis induced by paraquat","volume":"13","author":"Rodrigues da Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/11786388221095223","article-title":"A review of the anti-diabetic potential of saffron","volume":"15","author":"Sani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Insights"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0174","article-title":"Safety and preclinical efficacy of aerosol pioglitazone on lung adenoma prevention in A\/J MiceAerosol pioglitazone lung chemoprevention","volume":"10","author":"Seabloom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13135","article-title":"Dietary recommendations for type 2 diabetes patients: lessons from recent clinical and basic research in Asia","volume":"10","author":"Seino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Investigation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1364","article-title":"Anti\u2010inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of curcumin in ovalbumin\u2010sensitized rat","volume":"43","author":"Shakeri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2020.1864721","article-title":"The herbicide paraquat-induced molecular mechanisms in the development of acute lung injury and lung fibrosis","volume":"51","author":"Subbiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10685","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c04076","article-title":"Novel insight into utilization of flavonoid glycosides and biological properties of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) flower byproducts","volume":"68","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.10.003","article-title":"Protective effects of intranasal curcumin on paraquot induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice","volume":"38","author":"Tyagi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9366-3_11","article-title":"Paraquat-induced oxidative stress and lung inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Tyagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Stress in Lung Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib70","first-page":"279","article-title":"Preventive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of saffron on hematological parameters of experimental asthmatic rats","volume":"3","author":"Vosooghi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avicenna journal of phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib71","author":"Xiong YouYi","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib72","author":"Xu LingJie","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1191\/096032700678815729","article-title":"A long\u2013term follow\u2013up of lung function in survivors of paraquat poisoning","volume":"19","author":"Yamashita","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-04130-0","article-title":"Paraquat is an agonist of STIM1 and increases intracellular calcium levels","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib75","article-title":"Identification of hub genes and key pathways of paraquat-induced human embryonic pulmonary fibrosis by bioinformatics analysis and in vitro studies","volume":"13","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-0998-x","article-title":"An evaluation of the effects of saffron supplementation on the asthma clinical symptoms and asthma severity in patients with mild and moderate persistent allergic asthma: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Zilaee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874124010663?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874124010663?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]],"date-time":"2024-11-10T23:28:15Z","timestamp":1731281295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874124010663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["S0378874124010663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The preventive effectiveness of Crocus sativus extract in treating lung injuries caused by inhaled paraquat in rats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118767","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118767"}}