{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:03:15Z","timestamp":1790899395177,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004912","name":"Sichuan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZYGD23004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYGD23004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014219","name":"National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82225049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82225049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013365","name":"West China Hospital of Sichuan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T01:23:06Z","timestamp":1759627386000},"page":"120684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Therapeutic potential of traditional herbal medicine against multidrug-resistant pulmonary infections: Based on clinical and pharmacodynamic evidence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"355","author":[{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honghao","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaheng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3555-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib3","series-title":"Study on the Drug Resistance of hospital-acquired Respiratory MRSA and MPC of Vancomycin Alone and Combined with Tanreqing. Master's Thesis","author":"Chen","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib6","article-title":"Yinhuapinggan granule ameliorates lung injury caused by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii via inhibiting NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 pathway","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib5","first-page":"156","article-title":"In vitro study on Tanreqing combined with vancomycin to reduce the mutation-prevention concentration for MRSA","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chinese Modern Drug Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib4","first-page":"44","article-title":"Clinical efficacy analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage tanreqing injection for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia in critically ill patients","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chinese Sci. Technol. J. Database (Citation Edition) Med. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib7","first-page":"47","article-title":"Clinical study on Xiefei Tongfu Decoction on intervention of ICU multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia","volume":"28","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Emergency Med. Tradition. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib8","series-title":"Master's Thesis","article-title":"The clinical research of Yiqi Huoxue Huatan Decoction in curing drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia","author":"Chi","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections","volume":"284","author":"Costerton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib9","series-title":"Study on the Mechanism of Tanreqing Injection and its Effective Components Synergistically Inhibiting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Antibiotics","author":"Cui","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib10","first-page":"93","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activity study of Qingjin Huatan Decoction combined with imipenem for multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Integr. Chinese Western Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030402","article-title":"Combating antibiotic resistance: mechanisms, multidrug-resistant pathogens, and novel therapeutic approaches: an updated review","volume":"18","author":"Elshobary","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib12","first-page":"20","article-title":"Effect of Bupi Qingfei Decoction on virulence factors of drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Med. Herald"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib13","first-page":"2791","article-title":"Observation on the efficacy of tanreqing injection combined with cefoperazone-sulbactam in treating elderly severe pulmonary infection caused by drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"28","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Modern J. Integr. Tradition. Chinese Western Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","article-title":"The biofilm matrix","volume":"8","author":"Flemming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib14","first-page":"120","article-title":"Study on the intervention effect of Qingfei Shengmai Decoction on multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection in AECOPD","volume":"33","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Drugs Clinic. Pharmacol. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib15","series-title":"Master's Thesis","article-title":"Study on the synergistic antibacterial effect of heat-clearing and detoxifying traditional Chinese medicine injection combined with antibacterial drugs on multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","author":"Gao","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib17","first-page":"122","article-title":"Research on in vitro antibacterial effect of tanreqing injection combined with Amikacin on Pseudomonas Aeruginosa resistant strains","volume":"1","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Animal Husbandry Veterinary Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib16","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Efficacy observation of tanreqing injection combined with vancomycin in the treatment of MRSA infectious pneumonia","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"China Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib125","article-title":"Interpretation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Using European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Breakpoints: Analysis of Agreement","volume":"15","author":"Gaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050","volume":"404","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-022-01252-5","article-title":"Complex and unexpected outcomes of antibiotic therapy against a polymicrobial infection","volume":"16","author":"Ghuneim","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020210","article-title":"Combating Metallo-\u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa: The Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index as a Tool to Evaluate Antibiotic Synergy","volume":"14","author":"Granata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240062","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0062-2024","article-title":"Recreating chronic respiratory infections in vitro using physiologically relevant models","volume":"33","author":"Grassi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib18","first-page":"21","article-title":"Clinical observation of seizures combined with tigecycline and imipenem\/cilastatin in the treatment of severe pan-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clinic. Rational Drug Use"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13121214","article-title":"Pooled Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Performs Within CLSI Standards for Validation When Measured Against Broth Microdilution and Disk Diffusion Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Cultured Isolates","volume":"13","author":"Haley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib20","first-page":"789","article-title":"Combined antibacterial effect of Lianqin Jiedu Decoction and vancomycin on MRSA in vitro","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Central South Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib19","first-page":"790","article-title":"Observation on the efficacy of Pneumonia Asthma Soup combined with Western medicine in treating pediatric Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia","volume":"26","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Tradition. Med. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib22","first-page":"114","article-title":"Clinical study on treating carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia with the self-made Qingre Huatan decoction","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinic. Res. Tradition. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib21","first-page":"2346","article-title":"Efficacy and safety analysis of tanreqing injection as an adjunctive treatment for severe drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Modern J. Integr. Tradition. Chinese Western Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib23","first-page":"161","article-title":"Efficacy study of Xiayu Huang Soup in treating lower respiratory tract multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Med. Herald"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib115","unstructured":"Ii, J.S.L., Mathers, A.J., Bobenchik, A.M., Bryson, A.L., Campeau, S., Cullen, S.K., Dingle, T., Esparza, G., Humphries, R.M., Kirn, T.J., Lutgring, J., Narayanan, N., Palavecino, E., Pierce, V.M., Schuetz, A.N., Sharp, S., Simner, P.J., Tamma, P.D., Weinstein, M.P., n.d. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib24","series-title":"Study on the Reversal Effect and Mechanism of Fureqing Injection on Clinical Isolation of drug-resistant Bacteria","author":"Jiang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib25","first-page":"982","article-title":"Analysis of the effect of tanreqing injection combined with carbapenem drugs on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa isolated from sepsis patients","volume":"31","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese J. Emergency Tradition. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-024-00700-7","article-title":"Phage therapy for respiratory infections: opportunities and challenges","volume":"202","author":"Khosravi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2021-217576","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms predominate in both acute and chronic human lung infections","volume":"77","author":"Kolpen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib29","first-page":"1966","article-title":"The impact of Qiguiyin Decoction on IL-\u03b2 in serum of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected rats","volume":"11","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib34","first-page":"631","article-title":"Bacteriostasis effect in role of Tanreqing combined with tazocin against ESBLs-producing K. pneumoniae","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laboratory Med. Clinic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib27","first-page":"1585","article-title":"Effect of Qiguiyin Formula on the lymphocyte proliferation in rats with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection","volume":"54","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-015-2089-2","article-title":"Effect of Qiguiyin Decoction on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in rats","volume":"21","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib30","first-page":"1182","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial and serum pharmacological study of Qiguiyin Formula combined with levofloxacin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"39","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chinese J. Pharmacol. Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib31","series-title":"Experimental Study on the Drug Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Based on the Theory of Latent Pathogens Using the Clearing and Penetrating Method","author":"Li","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib32","series-title":"Doctoral Dissertation. China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","article-title":"Study on mechanism of drug-resistance sensitization of drug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by tanreqing injection combined with ceftazidime","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib35","first-page":"92","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial effect of Reduning combined with cefoperazone sodium\/sulbactam sodium on pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shandong Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib36","first-page":"723","article-title":"Comparison of two methods testing synergistic action of Reduning and cefoperazone sodium\/sulbactam sodium on extensive drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Laboratory Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib37","article-title":"Effects of traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients on drug-resistant bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13706","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tanreqing injection combined with antibiotics against Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib39","first-page":"993","article-title":"Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of tanreqing injection in the treatment of drug-resistant pulmonary infection","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib40","first-page":"824","article-title":"Study on the in vitro drug resistance sensitization effect of tanreqing injection combined with ceftazidime on Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Beijing Tradition. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.364759","article-title":"Treatment of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia in rats with the Wen Run Fei Ning formula: a preliminary study","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vector Borne Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib42","article-title":"In-depth analysis of the treatment effect and synergistic mechanism of tanreqing injection on clinical multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib43","article-title":"Effects of tanreqing injection against ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis and systematic review of clinical studies","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib33","first-page":"2390","article-title":"Bacteriostasis against ESBLs-producing K. pneumoniae of tanreqing injection in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Laboratory Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib44","first-page":"723","article-title":"Antibacterial effect study of Qingkailing and Shuanghuanglian combined with cefoperazone-sulbactam sodium on ESBLs-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"34","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Laboratory Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib45","first-page":"44","article-title":"Effect of Qingwen Jiedu Decoction on pan-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated severe pneumonia","volume":"28","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Emergency Med. Tradition. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib46","series-title":"The Study on the Effect and Mechanism of Tanreqing Injection on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus","author":"Liu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib47","series-title":"Study on the Antibacterial Test of Three Chinese Medicine Injections Combined with Drugs on carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","author":"Liu","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib48","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Efficacy evaluation of Mayu Shihuang Soup and Teicoplanin on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pulmonary infection","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chinese Emergency Med. Tradition. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib49","first-page":"65","article-title":"Experimental study on the in vitro antibacterial effect of Mayu Shihuang Soup on Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chinese Emergency Med. Tradition. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib50","first-page":"35","article-title":"Experimental study of antibacterial test on Reduning combined with other drugs resistant to carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in vitro","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Beijing Tradition. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib51","first-page":"50","article-title":"Study on the in vitro antibacterial effect of modified Zhisou Powder on ESBLs-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib52","first-page":"2017","article-title":"Study on bacteriostasis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Xinjiadayuan Decoction in vitro","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chinese Emergency Med. Tradition. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib53","first-page":"22","article-title":"Hongteng Zijin Soup combined with antibiotics in the treatment of 45 cases of ICU multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib54","first-page":"9","article-title":"Research on bacteriostasis effect of tanreqing injection combined with drugs on 30 strains of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib55","first-page":"66","article-title":"In vitro sensitivity study of compound Yinqiao Powder on five common drug-resistant bacteria","volume":"51","author":"Luan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Shandong Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib56","first-page":"810","article-title":"Study on the effect of Yinqiao Powder and Guizhi Soup on drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"30","author":"Luan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Shandong J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib57","first-page":"95","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of bronchoalveolar lavage tanreqing injection in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia in critically ill patients","volume":"25","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Med. Herald"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib58","series-title":"Study on the Antibacterial Effect of Combined Use of Chinese and Western Medicine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","author":"Lv","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00558","article-title":"Enhanced anti-glioma efficacy by borneol combined with CGKRK-Modified paclitaxel self-assembled redox-sensitive nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib60","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial experiments of qixingjian decoction and its synergistic interaction with oxacillin against clinical isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"2022","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid. base Compl. Alternative Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib61","first-page":"109","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial study of Shuanghuanglian of Chinese medicine on pan-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"18","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Practical Clinic. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib62","first-page":"549","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial effect of Tanreqing combined with imipenem or minocycline on extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Clinic. Res."},{"issue":"8\u201311","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib63","first-page":"15","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial study of tanreqing injection combined with imipenem and cefoperazone sulbactam for extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"40","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Laboratory Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib66","series-title":"Clinical Study on the Intervention of Xueduqing Prescription on carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Severe Pneumonia (Excess Syndrome of lung-heat and Viscera)","author":"Pan","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3051","article-title":"Treatment for patients with multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pulmonary infection","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prmcm.2024.100538","article-title":"Synergistic effect between vancomycin and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbs against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections","volume":"13","author":"Porwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Mod. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib69","first-page":"109","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial study of Tongfu Xiefei Formula on pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"29","author":"Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contin. Med. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-020-3472-1","article-title":"Tanreqing injection for patients with influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"26","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib71","series-title":"Current Version of Rob 2","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.03.018","article-title":"Individualized antimicrobial dose optimization: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"29","author":"Sanz-Codina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib73","first-page":"103","article-title":"Clinical effect of tanreqing injection combined with imipenem in treating elderly patients with pulmonary infection caused by drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"25","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Practical J. Cardiovascular Pulmonary Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13386","article-title":"Informed development of a multi-species biofilm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"132","author":"Short","year":"2024","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib74","first-page":"84","article-title":"Study on the in vitro inhibitory effect of tanreqing on ESBLs-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chinese J. Exp. Diagnos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib75","first-page":"1596","article-title":"Herbal Tanreqing injection treating MRSA pneumonia: a clinical research","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chinese J. Hospital Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib76","first-page":"1348","article-title":"Clinical study on Tanreqing Injection for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of lower respiratory tract","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chinese Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib77","first-page":"52","article-title":"Study on the effect of Shufeng Jiedu Capsule combined with levofloxacin in treating multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infectious pneumonia in mice","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chinese J. Drug Vigilance"},{"issue":"9\u201311","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib78","first-page":"14","article-title":"Study on the in vitro antibacterial activity of Tanreqing combined with antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"21","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Northern Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib79","first-page":"275","article-title":"Study on the in vitro antibacterial effect of Lianbizhi injection combined with different antibacterial drugs on Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"38","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese J. Metallurgical Industry Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib80","first-page":"56","article-title":"Clinical observation on the treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection after cerebral infarction with the method of invigorating qi, strengthening spleen, clearing heat, and resolving phlegm in traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Modern J. Integr. Tradition. Chinese Western Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib81","first-page":"2006","article-title":"Efficacy of tanreqing combined with cefoperazone-sulbactam in the treatment of AECOPD patients with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection (phlegm-heat accumulation in the lung syndrome)","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Integr. Tradition. Western Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib82","first-page":"500","article-title":"In vitro activity determination of Sanhuang Xiexin Soup in inhibiting drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Practical J. Tradition.Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib83","first-page":"807","article-title":"Effects of Fuzheng Tongxie Jiedu Huayu Formula on inflammation and immune function in elderly pneumonia rats at different time points","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib84","first-page":"2182","article-title":"Preliminary study on the repair mechanism of Fuzheng Tongxie Jiedu Huayu Formula on target organ damage of MDRPA infected elderly rats with pneumonia","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib85","first-page":"2517","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial effect of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction combined with azithromycin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Henan Medical Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.70024","article-title":"Systematic investigation of metabolism and potential pharmacological mechanism of tanreqing injection to human lower respiratory tract infection based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE and network pharmacology","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156358","article-title":"Effect of tanreqing injection on multidrug resistance organisms: a test-negative case-control study and network pharmacology analysis","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib88","first-page":"175","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial experimental study of ampicillin combined with tanreqing on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chinese Sci. Technol. J. Database (Citation Edition) Med. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib89","first-page":"159","article-title":"Clinical study on treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with Qingjin Huatan Decoction and Western medicine","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Healthcare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib90","first-page":"155","article-title":"Clinical study on Qingjin Huatan Soup in treating multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa-related pulmonary infection","volume":"41","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib91","first-page":"861","article-title":"Clinical observation of Xiaochaihu Decoction on elderly patients with pulmonary extreme drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection in ICU","volume":"30","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese Emergency Med. Tradition. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib92","first-page":"60","article-title":"Effect of tanreqing injection combined with imipenem-cilastatin in inhibiting extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"25","author":"Xing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese J. Exp. Formulas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib93","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Observation on the curative effect of minocycline and other combination drugs plus modified ephedra cimicifugae decoction on multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Med. Chinese Clinic."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01682","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial experiment of Fuzheng Jiedu Huayu Decoction against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib95","first-page":"1076","article-title":"Clinical observation on the combination of Chinese medicine Pneumonia Mixture and Western medicine in treating pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pulmonary infection","volume":"24","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chinese Emergency Med. Tradition. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib96","first-page":"728","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activity of tanreqing injection combined with cefuroxime sodium injection against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"35","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medical Herald"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib97","first-page":"76","article-title":"Clinical observation on the combined treatment of Red Vine Zijin Decoction and Western medicines for pan-drug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii pulmonary infection","volume":"26","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chinese J. Basic Med. Tradition. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib98","first-page":"58","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic effect of Compound Qingre Granules on acute drug-resistant bacterial infection","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chinese J. Exp. Formulas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2231-8","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial effects of tanreqing injection combined with vancomycin or linezolid against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Compl. Alternative Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib100","first-page":"275","article-title":"Analysis on the effects and safety of Huangqi Capsule assisted with cefoperazone-sulbactam and tigecycline in the treatment of MDRAB pneumonia","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hebei Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib101","first-page":"896","article-title":"Clinical observation on modified Jiegeng Soup assisting in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa-related lung disease","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Practical J. Tradition.Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib102","first-page":"871","article-title":"Traditional Chinese Medicine in the treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children: an overview of systematic reviews and Meta-analyses","volume":"44","author":"Yasheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib103","first-page":"2490","article-title":"Clinical effect analysis of vancomycin combined with Shuanghuanglian in treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Laboratory Med. Clinic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib104","series-title":"Clinical Efficacy Observation of Xianfang Huoming Drink Combined with Antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ventilator-associated Pneumonia","author":"Yuan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib105","series-title":"Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Reyanning Mixture Combined with Linezolid on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","author":"Zhang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib106","first-page":"506","article-title":"Combined bactericidal activity in vitro of tanreqing injection against Klebsiella pneumoniae with carbapenemase-producing","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pract. Drugs and Clinic."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib107","series-title":"Doctoral Dissertation. China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","article-title":"The efficacy and mechanism of Xinjia Dayuan Powder on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia","author":"Zhao","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib108","first-page":"2747","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity study of Qingre Sanjie Capsule","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chinese Patent Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib109","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial test of Chinese medicine preparations on multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microcircul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib110","first-page":"2028","article-title":"Clinical observation on Tongfu Qingfei Soup combined with Western medicine in treating multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa-related pneumonia","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chinese Emergency Med. Tradition. Chinese Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib111","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction combined with antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vitro","volume":"41","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Tradit. West. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib112","first-page":"337","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial effect of Qingjin Huatan Decoction combined with cefoperazone\/sulbactam on ESBLs-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Med. Health Herald"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7313","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S431256","article-title":"Potentiation and mechanism of berberine as an antibiotic adjuvant against multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684_bib114","series-title":"Master's Thesis","article-title":"Experimental study on the inhibitory effect of tanreqing injection on drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC enzyme","author":"Zhu","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874125013765?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874125013765?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T03:32:17Z","timestamp":1764041537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874125013765"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":123,"alternative-id":["S0378874125013765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Therapeutic potential of traditional herbal medicine against multidrug-resistant pulmonary infections: Based on clinical and pharmacodynamic evidence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120684","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120684"}}