{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:34:39Z","timestamp":1777872879658,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005869","name":"Universit\u00e9 de Fribourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003071","name":"Adolphe Merkle Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013788","name":"University of Fribourg Faculty of Science and Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013788","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T17:03:40Z","timestamp":1769101420000},"page":"121254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Safety and anti-inflammatory activity of Gentiana lutea L. in human bronchial epithelial cell cultures"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"361","author":[{"given":"Joanne","family":"Wildhaber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bedia Begum","family":"Karakocak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro Sousa","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Rothen-Rutishauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alke","family":"Petri-Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Wildhaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2952-3879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt Maria","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-018-1191-2","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanism in airway diseases","volume":"68","author":"Aghasafari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2017.02.002","article-title":"Taste and smell GPCRs in the lung: evidence for a previously unrecognized widespread chemosensory system","volume":"41","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13010070","article-title":"Gentiopicroside \u2013 an insight into its pharmacological significance and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Antoniadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3546","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI36130","article-title":"The cytokine network in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"118","author":"Barnes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib5","article-title":"Multicellular human alveolar model composed of epithelial cells and primary immune cells for hazard assessment","volume":"159","author":"Barosova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.13089","article-title":"Bitter substances from plants used in traditional Chinese medicine exert biased activation of human bitter taste receptors","volume":"91","author":"Behrens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05298","article-title":"Pediatric aerosol therapy","volume":"62","author":"Berlinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2023.2234274","article-title":"Efficacy and effectiveness of the herbal medicinal product BNO 1016 in the management of acute rhinosinusitis in the context of antibiotic stewardship","volume":"135","author":"Bittner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.46598","article-title":"Global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through 2050","volume":"6","author":"Boers","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib10","article-title":"An air-liquid interface bronchial epithelial model for realistic, repeated inhalation exposure to airborne particles for toxicity testing","volume":"159","author":"Braakhuis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s13596-020-00447-5","article-title":"Anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activity of Gentiana lutea root extract","volume":"20","author":"Cafaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Tradit. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.036","article-title":"Bitter taste receptors in the treatment of asthma: opportunities and challenges","volume":"146","author":"Camoretti-Mercado","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155891","article-title":"Interleukin-33 (IL-33): a criticial review of its biology and the mechanisms involved in its release as a potent extracellular cytokine","volume":"156","author":"Cayrol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2019.07.008","article-title":"Positive association between MIC gene polymorphism and tuberculosis in Chinese population","volume":"213","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2020.07.004","article-title":"Therapeutic potential and challenges of bitter taste receptors on lung cells","volume":"51","author":"Conaway","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2015.08.001","article-title":"The pharmacology of bitter taste receptors and their role in human airways","volume":"155","author":"Devillier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib17","article-title":"Gentiopicroside: an updated review of its pharmacological activities and mechanisms","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00987","article-title":"An inflamed human alveolar model for testing the efficiency of anti-inflammatory drugs in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Drasler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-014-0040-x","article-title":"An in vitro testing strategy towards mimicking the inhalation of high aspect ratio nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Endes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2008.11.001","article-title":"Airway mucus: the good, the bad, the sticky","volume":"121","author":"Evans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120430","article-title":"Phytochemical profiling and anti-inflammatory activity of Gentiana lutea roots from Pollino National Park","volume":"353","author":"Falcone","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(02)00356-5","article-title":"Drug transport and metabolism characteristics of the human airway epithelial cell line Calu-3","volume":"87","author":"Florea","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Control. Release."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00147","article-title":"Airway epithelium interactions with aeroallergens: role of secreted cytokines and chemokines in innate immunity","volume":"6","author":"Gandhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00003-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of asthma and atopic dermatitis, 1990-2021, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"13","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet. Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib25","first-page":"428","article-title":"Asthma bronchiale in der Anthroposophischen Medizin. Teil 1: krankheitsverst\u00e4ndnis und medikament\u00f6se Therapie. Der Merkurstab","volume":"71","author":"Gloger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Anthroposophische Medizin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib26","volume":"vol. 66","author":"Grah","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-134","article-title":"The expression and relaxant effect of bitter taste receptors in human bronchi","volume":"14","author":"Grassin-Delyle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01267","article-title":"Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in human lung macrophages: receptor expression and inhibitory effects of TAS2R agonists","volume":"10","author":"Grassin-Delyle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2023.1195529","article-title":"Toxic or not toxic? The specification of the standard ISO 10993-5 are not explicit enough to yield comparable results in the cytotoxicity assessment of an identical medical device","volume":"5","author":"Gruber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-015-0903-y","article-title":"Secoiridoid glycosides from the root of Gentiana crassicaulis with inhibitory effects against LPS-induced NO and IL-6 production in RAW264 macrophages","volume":"69","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-016-2902-z","article-title":"Analysis of the expression of human bitter taste receptors in extraoral tissues","volume":"426","author":"Jaggupilli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155878","article-title":"Repeated exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to particular matter increase allergen-induced cytokine release and permeability","volume":"154","author":"Janbazacyabar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-014-0118-1","article-title":"Plant resources used in Serbian medieval medicine","volume":"61","author":"Jari\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethnobotany and Ethnomedicine. Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-024-00647-2","article-title":"Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal research into medicinal plants in the Mt Stara Planina region (south-eastern Serbia, Western Balkans)","volume":"20","author":"Jari\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108854","article-title":"Gentiopicroside attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in mice via modulating the CD147\/p38\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"108","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib37","article-title":"Genus Gentiana: a review on phytochemistry, pharmacology and molecular mechanism","volume":"164","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2014.952047","article-title":"Herbal drug BNO 1016 is safe and effective in the treatment of acute viral rhinosinusitis","volume":"135","author":"Jund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2023.106511","article-title":"Rethinking of TEER measurement reporting for epithelial cells grown on permeable inserts","volume":"188","author":"Karakocak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib93","first-page":"453","article-title":"Spasmolytic activity of Gentiana lutea L. root extracts on the rat ileum: underlying mechanisms of action","volume":"13","author":"Kiti\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3RI0314-129R","article-title":"Respiratory viral infection, epithelial cytokines, and innate lymphoid cells in asthma exacerbations","volume":"96","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.750","article-title":"Effects of gentianine on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)","volume":"28","author":"Kwak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.018","article-title":"The cytokines of asthma","volume":"50","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-014-1222-6","article-title":"Bitter and sweet taste receptors in the respiratory epithelium in health and disease","volume":"92","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib44","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of poly(I:C) induced inflammatory response in an airway epithelial model","volume":"3","author":"Lever","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phyiol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2013.782395","article-title":"Bitter taste receptors on airway smooth muscle as targets for novel bronchodilators","volume":"17","author":"Liggett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847663","article-title":"Airway epithelial TSLP production of TLR2 drives type 2 immunity in allergic airway inflammation","volume":"48","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121432","article-title":"State-of-the-art review of the application and development of various methods of aerosol therapy","volume":"614","author":"Matuszak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5937\/leksir2141046m","article-title":"Traditional knowledge on the medicinal use of plants from genus Gentiana in the Pirot County (Serbia)","volume":"41","author":"Markovi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lekovite Sirovine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112889","article-title":"Taste receptors: the gatekeepers of the airway epithelium","volume":"10","author":"Martens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(85)90111-3","article-title":"Mutagenicities of xanthone derivatives in Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA98, TA97, and TA2637","volume":"150","author":"Matsushima","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjp092","article-title":"The molecular receptive ranges of human TAS2R bitter taste receptors","volume":"35","author":"Meyerhof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2016.12.013","article-title":"Medicinal, biological and phytochemical properties of Gentiana species","volume":"7","author":"Mirzaee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(83)90101-5","article-title":"Mutagenic activities of gentisin and isogenisitin from Gentianae radix (Gentianaceae)","volume":"116","author":"Morimoto","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00884","article-title":"Bitter taste receptors for asthma therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Nayak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.07.003","article-title":"Protective effect of gentiopicroside against dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice","volume":"39","author":"Niu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.2008.S31","article-title":"The science of nebulised drug delivery","volume":"52","author":"O'Callaghan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.03.059","article-title":"Bitterness values for traditional tonic plants of southern Africa","volume":"147","author":"Olivier","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2013.805743","article-title":"Pharmaceutical applications of the Calu-3 lung epithelial cell line","volume":"10","author":"Ong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug. Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201500333","article-title":"Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the genus Gentiana (Gentianaceae)","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.01.027","article-title":"Synergistic effect of Gentiana lutea L. on methyl methanesulfonate genotoxicity in the Drosophila wing spot test","volume":"146","author":"Patenkovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib61","first-page":"473","article-title":"[Background to and method of the Rh process]. Der Merkurstab","volume":"68","author":"Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Anthroposophic Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1594278","article-title":"Sweroside: unveiling broad therapeutic potential\u2014from mechanistic insights to clinical potential","volume":"16","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-011-9401-3","article-title":"Cross-cultural ethnobiology in the Western Balkans: medical ethnobotany and ethnozoology among Albanians and Serbs in the Pe\u0161ter Plateau, Sand\u017eak, South-Western Serbia","volume":"39","author":"Pieroni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2022.113518","article-title":"The healing bitterness of Gentiana lutea L., phytochemistry and biological activities: a systematic review","volume":"206","author":"Ponticelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2019.05.008","article-title":"Amarogentin, a secoiridoid glycoside, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to exert beneficial vasculo-metabolic effects","volume":"1863","author":"Potunuru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110585","article-title":"Loganic acid protects against ulcerative colitis by inhibiting TLR4\/NF-\u03baB mediated inflammation and activating the SIRT1\/Nrf2 antioxidant responses in-vitro and in-vivo","volume":"122","author":"Prakash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.31254\/jahm.2017.3314","article-title":"Gentiana lutea Linn. (Yellow Gentian): a comprehensive review","volume":"3","author":"Prakash","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ayu. Herb. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib68","series-title":"Asthma and COPD. Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Management","first-page":"201","article-title":"Epithelial cells","author":"Randell","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1007\/s10722-013-9974-3","article-title":"Traditional medicinal plant knowledge among Albanians, Macedonians and Gorani in the Sharr Mointains (Republic of Mecedonia)","volume":"60","author":"Rexhepi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Resour. Crop Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13321-016-0115-9","article-title":"MetFrag relaunched: incorporating strategies beyond in silico fragmentation","volume":"8","author":"Ruttkies","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cheminform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028525","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1028525","article-title":"Global burden of lower respiratory infections during the last three decades","volume":"10","author":"Safiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2016.1361","article-title":"Biokinetics of aerosolized liposomal Ciclosporin A in human lung cells in vitro using an air-liquid cell interface exposure system","volume":"30","author":"Schmid","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Med. Pulm. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9861","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28206-2","article-title":"A novel sample holder for 4D live cell imaging to study cellular dynamics in complex 3D tissue cultures","volume":"8","author":"Septiadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173869","article-title":"Motile cilia of human airway epithelia are chemosensory","volume":"325","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2016.03.011","article-title":"Bitter taste receptors: extraoral roles in pathophysiology","volume":"77","author":"Shaik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib75","first-page":"33","article-title":"Phytochemicals of Gentianaceae: a review of pharmacological properties","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Nanothechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026908","article-title":"A simple protocol for using a LDH-based cytotoxicity assay to assess the effects of death and growth inhibition at the same time","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib77","series-title":"Vademecum Anthroposophische Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl. Verlag Der Gesellschaft Anthroposophischer \u00c4rzte in Deutschland, M\u00fcnchen","article-title":"Gentiana lutea. Indikation Asthma bronchiale","author":"Soldner","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1280282","article-title":"Editorial: current omics-based approaches as tools for improving the understanding, diagnosis and management of inflammatory lung disease","volume":"10","author":"Tejera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100441","article-title":"Regulation of airway mucin gene expression","volume":"70","author":"Thai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01545","article-title":"A general introduction to glucocorticoid biology","volume":"10","author":"Timmermans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.05.244","article-title":"Preclinical safety assessment of aqueous Gentiana lutea radix extracts","volume":"221","author":"Turek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Letters."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-03067-y","article-title":"An update on extra-oral bitter taste receptors","volume":"19","author":"Tuzim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib84","first-page":"367","article-title":"Repeated lipopolysaccharide exposure causes corticosteroid insensitive airway inflammation via activation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase \u03b4 pathway","volume":"7","author":"Ueda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25020287","article-title":"Iridoids: research advances in their phytochemistry, biological activities, and pharmacokinetics","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-015-0183-9","article-title":"Denatonium inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of airway epithelial cells through mitochondrial signaling pathways","volume":"16","author":"Wen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/630128","article-title":"Amarogentin displays immunomodulatory effects in human mast cells and keratinocytes","author":"W\u00f6lfle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators. Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib88","series-title":"World Health Organization","first-page":"150","article-title":"Radix Gentianae luteae","volume":"vol. 3","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pccm.2024.02.002","article-title":"Omics approaches in asthma research: challenges and opportunities","volume":"2","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. Pulm. Crit. Care. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115818","article-title":"Phytochemical characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of a water extract of Gentiana purpurea roots","volume":"301","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1645","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1044","article-title":"BitterDB: 2024 update on bitter ligands and taste receptors","volume":"53","author":"Ziaikin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874126001054?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874126001054?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:46:49Z","timestamp":1777571209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874126001054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["S0378874126001054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Safety and anti-inflammatory activity of Gentiana lutea L. in human bronchial epithelial cell cultures","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121254","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"121254"}}