{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T09:07:38Z","timestamp":1776157658893,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004607","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018GXNSFDA281047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018GXNSFDA281047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:39:08Z","timestamp":1770136748000},"page":"121289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Research on the mechanism of Carthamus tinctorius L. against skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis based on serum pharmacochemistry, network pharmacology, and experimental validation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"362","author":[{"given":"Xingfeng","family":"Ping","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"kai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongxuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junying","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.149","article-title":"Understanding fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: shifting paradigms, emerging opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.11.028","article-title":"The role of cell signalling in the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis","volume":"26","author":"Booth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2022.102211","article-title":"Current advances in the treatment of systemic sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Bukiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03190-9","article-title":"ACSL4 inhibition prevents macrophage ferroptosis and alleviates fibrosis in bleomycin-induced systemic sclerosis model","volume":"25","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155125","article-title":"Kaempferol attenuates carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis by promoting ASIC1a degradation and suppression of the ASIC1a-mediated ERS","volume":"121","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine: Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharmacol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-019-02241-y","article-title":"The protective effect of cordycepin on diabetic nephropathy through autophagy induction in vivo and in vitro","volume":"51","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14261","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic factors of systemic sclerosis in Guangxi, China: retrospective, single-center study of long-term survival in 470 patients","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheumat. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154477","article-title":"Danshen injection induces autophagy in podocytes to alleviate nephrotic syndrome via the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway","volume":"107","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine: Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib9","article-title":"Autophagy gene Atg7 regulates the development of radiation-induced skin injury and fibrosis of skin. Skin research and technology","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Off. J. Int. Society for Bioeng. Skin (ISBS) [and] Int. Soc. Digital Imag. Skin (ISDIS) [and] Int. Soc. Skin Imag. (ISSI)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00658-9","article-title":"Quality assessment and Q-markers discovery of tongsaimai tablet by integrating serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology for anti-atherosclerosis benefit","volume":"17","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6672","DOI":"10.19082\/6672","article-title":"Medical uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower): a comprehensive review from traditional medicine to modern medicine","volume":"10","author":"Delshad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electron. Physician"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144541","article-title":"Medicarpin, a natural pterocarpan, heals cortical bone defect by activation of notch and wnt canonical signaling pathways","volume":"10","author":"Dixit","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154700","article-title":"Rutin alleviates EndMT by restoring autophagy through inhibiting HDAC1 via PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"112","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine: Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102803","article-title":"Traditional Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of ischemic stroke in China","volume":"110","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216306","article-title":"A network pharmacology prediction and molecular docking-based strategy to explore the potential pharmacological mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus for glioma","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4985","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144985","article-title":"Role of alarmins in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Giovannetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000001063","article-title":"A scoping review of the epidemiology of systemic sclerosis and its organ manifestations: 2018-2024","volume":"37","author":"Good","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04111-x","article-title":"Secretory products from epicardial adipose tissue induce adverse myocardial remodeling after myocardial infarction by promoting reactive oxygen species accumulation","volume":"12","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib19","first-page":"346","article-title":"[Expressions and effects of autophagy-related genes in bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis of mice]","volume":"36","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Burns"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-12-1248","article-title":"Nutrient-dependent mTORC1 association with the ULK1-Atg13-FIP200 complex required for autophagy","volume":"20","author":"Hosokawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154195","article-title":"Deciphering the pharmacological mechanisms of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi on oral leukoplakia by combining network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental evaluations","volume":"103","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine : Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib22","first-page":"5","article-title":"Effect of safflower water extract on treg cell related factors in mice with systemic sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Hubei Minzu University (Medical Edition)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.77649","article-title":"Enhancement of zyxin promotes skin fibrosis by regulating FAK\/PI3K\/AKT and TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathways via integrins","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11607","article-title":"Germacrone improves liver fibrosis by regulating the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signalling pathway","volume":"45","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.778479","article-title":"Inhibition of PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signalling pathway activates autophagy and suppresses peritoneal fibrosis in the process of peritoneal dialysis","volume":"13","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2152","article-title":"AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31749","article-title":"Cordycepin ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway","volume":"74","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2016.3420","article-title":"Kaempferol induces ATM\/p53-mediated death receptor and mitochondrial apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02421-6","article-title":"Inositol possesses antifibrotic activity and mitigates pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib30","first-page":"586","article-title":"Mechanism of total flavonoids of Carthamus tinctorius L. against hepatic fibrosis based on LC-MS\/MS combined with network pharmacology and pharmacology experiments","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib31","first-page":"16","article-title":"Effects of safflower decoction on skin and lung fibrosis of mice with systemic scleroderma and its mechanism","volume":"56","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shandong Med. J."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2019.4941","article-title":"Kaempferol modulates autophagy and alleviates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib33","first-page":"865","article-title":"Arecoline promotes oral submucous fibrosis by upregulating PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.25.37","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in human lung fibroblasts and peripheral lymphocytes in vitro by Shosaiko-to derived phenolic metabolites","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Pharmaceut. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01949-2019","article-title":"NADPH oxidase DUOX1 sustains TGF-\u03b21 signalling and promotes lung fibrosis","volume":"57","author":"Louzada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3735","article-title":"Self-consumption: the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis","volume":"15","author":"Mari\u00f1o","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2021.11.004","article-title":"Network pharmacology: curing causal mechanisms instead of treating symptoms","volume":"43","author":"Nogales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.04.032","article-title":"Cordycepin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"60","author":"Qing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4406","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8285","article-title":"Flavonoids for treating pulmonary fibrosis: present status and future prospects","volume":"38","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytother Res.: PTR."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106637","article-title":"ROS-dependent inhibition of the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling is required for oroxylin A to exert anti-inflammatory activity in liver fibrosis","volume":"85","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0089-8","article-title":"Regulation of apoptosis in health and disease: the balancing act of BCL-2 family proteins","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241311212","article-title":"The role of autophagy and apoptosis in affected skin and lungs in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Spasovski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13435","volume":"56","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm809","article-title":"Myofibroblasts and mechano-regulation of connective tissue remodelling","volume":"3","author":"Tomasek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08889-8","article-title":"Current concepts on the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Truchetet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2021.122770","article-title":"Comprehensive investigation of pharmacodyamic material basis of Wikstroemia indica (L.) C. A. Mey. by serum pharmacochemistry and bivariate correlation analysis","volume":"1179","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr., B: Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.511","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of safflor yellow on pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Pharmaceut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155090","article-title":"Kaempferol promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell autophagy via restricting met pathway","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine : Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105454","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of qingfeiyin in treating acute lung injury based on GEO datasets, network pharmacology and molecular docking","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115121","article-title":"Kaempferol improves mitochondrial homeostasis via mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"162","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S317701","article-title":"Doxazosin attenuates liver fibrosis by inhibiting autophagy in hepatic stellate cells via activation of the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling pathway","volume":"15","author":"Xiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6403","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14528","article-title":"Kaempferol attenuates liver fibrosis by inhibiting activin receptor-like kinase 5","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib53","article-title":"Kaempferol alleviates oxidative stress and apoptosis through mitochondria-dependent pathway during lung ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib54","first-page":"26","article-title":"Effects of safflower decoction on the expression of skin vascular endothelial growth factor in mouse with scleroderma","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatism Arthritis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21676","article-title":"Safflower extract: a novel renal fibrosis antagonist that functions by suppressing autocrine TGF-beta","volume":"104","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118593","article-title":"Guizhi fuling wan attenuates tetrachloromethane-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats via PTEN\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway","volume":"334","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib57","first-page":"865","article-title":"Effects of Honghua on IL-33 and ST2 in skin and lung tissues of mice with systemic sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Shanxi Univ. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116306","article-title":"Network pharmacology, a promising approach to reveal the pharmacology mechanism of Chinese medicine formula","volume":"309","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155439","article-title":"Integrated serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology to explore the mechanism of yi-shan-hong formula in alleviating chronic liver injury","volume":"128","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine: Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-017-2954-2","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of bathing with Chinese medicine taohong siwu decoction ( ) for treatment of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4814","article-title":"Transcription factor EB-mediated autophagy promotes dermal fibroblast differentiation and collagen production by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy-dependent secretion","volume":"47","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.10.050","article-title":"Towards a better understanding of medicinal uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. in traditional Chinese medicine: a phytochemical and pharmacological review","volume":"151","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874126001406?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874126001406?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T08:15:38Z","timestamp":1776154538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874126001406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S0378874126001406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Research on the mechanism of Carthamus tinctorius L. against skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis based on serum pharmacochemistry, network pharmacology, and experimental validation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121289","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"121289"}}