{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T15:06:20Z","timestamp":1782831980463,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004863","name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004863","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82174300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82574939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82574939"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82505432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82505432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T20:35:06Z","timestamp":1772483706000},"page":"121461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Unraveling the therapeutic mechanisms of Polygonum cuspidatum in pulmonary fibrosis: Modulation of M2 macrophage polarization and glycolysis pathways"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"364","author":[{"given":"Yini","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chester Yan Jie","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiwen","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiangzhi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiawei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junchao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingzhen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.066","article-title":"Circulating plasma biomarkers of survival in antifibrotic-treated patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"158","author":"Adegunsoye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117680","article-title":"The possible role of hypoxia-induced exosomes on the fibroblast metabolism in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"181","author":"Alvarado-Vasquez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2016.10.004","article-title":"Integrating immunometabolism and macrophage diversity","volume":"28","author":"Artyomov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12607","article-title":"Targeting SRSF10 might inhibit M2 macrophage polarization and potentiate anti-PD-1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"44","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib5","first-page":"618","article-title":"Study on lipid metabolism regulated by polygonum cuspidatum in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis model of respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nanjing Uni Tradit Chin Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib6","first-page":"132","article-title":"Mechanism of verbena officinalis-polygonum cuspidatum in intervention against pulmonary fibrosis due to coronavirus disease 2019:A bioinformatics analysis","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hunan J. Tranditional Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114356","article-title":"Overcoming interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 resistance ameliorates transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2-mediated lung fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"183","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.94482","article-title":"Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase prompts bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by driving macrophage M2 polarization in mice","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib8","article-title":"Inhalable myofibroblast targeting nanoparticles for synergistic treatment of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib9","first-page":"2844","article-title":"PLC\u03b5 promotes urinary bladder cancer cells proliferation through STAT3\/LDHA pathway-mediated glycolysis","volume":"41","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26147011","article-title":"Solvent fractionation of polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. for Antioxidant, Biological Activity, and Chromatographic Characterization","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136856","article-title":"Sirt3 overexpression ameliorates asbestos-induced pulmonary fibrosis, mt-DNA damage, and lung fibrogenic monocyte recruitment","volume":"22","author":"Cheresh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119913","article-title":"Ginseng and platycodon grandiflorum ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation targeting TLR4-P2X7r\/NLRP3 signaling pathway","volume":"348","author":"Dou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1444964","article-title":"Macrophage polarization and its impact on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-025-03836-1","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Golchin","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35696","article-title":"Emodin ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibroblast activation","volume":"6","author":"Guan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2938-9","article-title":"Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines","volume":"587","author":"Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602007000100002","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of extract from Polygonum cuspidatum","volume":"40","author":"Hsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202401343RRR","article-title":"TCF19\/CDKN2A regulates glycolysis and macrophage M2 polarization for osteosarcoma progression","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-05673-1","article-title":"m6A reader IGF2BP1 facilitates macrophage glycolytic metabolism and fibrotic phenotype by stabilizing THBS1 mRNA to promote pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"82","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib78","first-page":"1431","article-title":"Based on the \u201clung-heat theory\u201d for the differentiation and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"GTCM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04081-0","article-title":"STAT3\/LINC00671 axis regulates papillary thyroid tumor growth and metastasis via LDHA-mediated glycolysis","volume":"12","author":"Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155997","article-title":"Xuanfei baidu decoction ameliorates bleomycin-elicited idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in mice by regulating the lung-gut crosstalk via IFN\u03b3\/STAT1\/STAT3 axis","volume":"135","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-014-3164-7","article-title":"Emodin suppresses pulmonary metastasis of breast cancer accompanied with decreased macrophage recruitment and M2 polarization in the lungs","volume":"148","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2022.2158349","article-title":"Advances for pharmacological activities of polygonum cuspidatum - a review","volume":"61","author":"Ke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46193-z","article-title":"Lactate dehydrogenase A regulates tumor-macrophage symbiosis to promote glioblastoma progression","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00615-2024","article-title":"Inhibition of AXL ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis via attenuation of M2 macrophage polarisation","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1036","article-title":"Inhibition of ROCK ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing M2 macrophage polarisation through phosphorylation of STAT3","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01067-4","article-title":"The role of natural products targeting macrophage polarization in sepsis-induced lung injury","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113931","article-title":"Inhibition of HIF-1\u03b1 ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing M2 macrophage polarization through PRMT1\/STAT6 signals","volume":"146","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13081904","article-title":"Hypoxia-driven HIF-1\u03b1 activation reprograms pre-activated NK cells towards highly potent effector phenotypes via ERK\/STAT3 pathways","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.06.003","article-title":"IL-33 Initiates vascular remodelling in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by up-regulating HIF-1\u03b1 and VEGF expression in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X23500313","article-title":"Effects of resveratrol on pulmonary fibrosis via TGF-\u03b2\/Smad\/ERK Signaling Pathway","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-020-00251-y","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming in macrophage responses","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2019.118604","article-title":"Aerobic glycolysis is a metabolic requirement to maintain the M2-like polarization of tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"1867","author":"M De-Brito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156545","article-title":"13-Methylpalmatine alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing the ITGA5\/TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling pathway","volume":"140","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adl5473","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomic characterization of pathologic niches in IPF","volume":"10","author":"Mayr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2019.10.007","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of macrophage polarization in cancer","volume":"5","author":"Mehla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9457","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S557114","article-title":"Rhubarb: traditional uses, phytochemistry, multiomics-based novel pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"Miao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000504344","article-title":"Role of metabolic reprogramming in pulmonary innate immunity and its impact on lung diseases","volume":"12","author":"Michaeloudes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14352","article-title":"Antifibrotics and lung transplantation: a Spanish multicentre case-controlled study","volume":"27","author":"Mora Cuesta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034339","article-title":"Macrophage polarization","volume":"79","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008","article-title":"Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines","volume":"41","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02398-4","article-title":"CircABCA1 promotes ccRCC by reprogramming cholesterol metabolism and facilitating M2 macrophage polarization through IGF2BP3-mediated stabilization of SCARB1 mRNA","volume":"24","author":"Ning","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.09.085","article-title":"A metabolic roadblock in inflammatory macrophages","volume":"17","author":"O'neill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.115","article-title":"STAT3 and HIF1\u03b1 cooperatively activate HIF1 target genes in MDA-MB-231 and RCC4 cells","volume":"33","author":"Pawlus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114947","article-title":"TAMs-derived SPP1, regulated by HIF-1\u03b1\/STAT3 signaling pathway, influences colorectal cancer malignant progression by activation of EMT via integrin \u03b1v\u03b23","volume":"159","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib47","article-title":"PPP1R3B suppresses atherosclerosis by promoting the M2 polarization of macrophages through glycogen metabolic reprogramming","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02327-2","article-title":"An integrated cell atlas of the lung in health and disease","volume":"29","author":"Sikkema","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166063","article-title":"Resveratrol mitigates miR-212-3p mediated progression of diesel exhaust-induced pulmonary fibrosis by regulating SIRT1\/FoxO3","volume":"902","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib50","article-title":"Fatty acid oxidation-glycolysis metabolic transition affects ECM homeostasis in silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05613-w","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomics reveals tumor-derived SPP1 induces fibroblast chemotaxis and activation in the hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironment","volume":"22","author":"Tong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3495","article-title":"Iron and cancer: more ore to be mined","volume":"13","author":"Torti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21334","article-title":"AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading","volume":"31","author":"Trott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156750","article-title":"Oleanolic acid inhibits M2 macrophage polarization and potentiates anti-PD-1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting miR-130b-3p-PTEN-PI3K-Akt signaling and glycolysis","volume":"141","author":"Tu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib55","article-title":"Immunometabolism of macrophages in the bone microenvironment: a new perspective for bone healing therapy","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000569","article-title":"Canonical Wnt signaling promotes HSC glycolysis and liver fibrosis through an LDH-A\/HIF-1\u03b1 transcriptional complex","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00983-9","article-title":"DsbA-L activates TGF-\u03b21\/SMAD3 signaling and M2 macrophage polarization by stimulating AKT1 and NLRP3 to promote pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12158","article-title":"The role of the HIF-1\u03b1\/ALYREF\/PKM2 axis in glycolysis and tumorigenesis of bladder cancer","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156092","article-title":"A network pharmacology approach-based decoding of Resveratrol's anti-fibrotic mechanisms","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib60","article-title":"MBD2 serves as a viable target against pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting macrophage M2 program","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202420","article-title":"Resveratrol alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via suppressing HIF-1\u03b1 and NF-\u03baB expression","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201406-240MG","article-title":"Lung extracellular matrix and fibroblast function","volume":"12","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00843-6","article-title":"Inhibition of OGG1 ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis via preventing M2 macrophage polarization and activating PINK1-mediated mitophagy","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015","article-title":"Macrophages in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis","volume":"44","author":"Wynn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.99345","article-title":"USP25 stabilizes STAT6 to promote IL-4-induced macrophage M2 polarization and fibrosis","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3748","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59093-7","article-title":"Targeted immunotherapy rescues pulmonary fibrosis by reducing activated fibroblasts and regulating alveolar cell profile","volume":"16","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7680","article-title":"Emodin inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pulmonary fibrosis through the c-MYC\/miR-182-5p\/ZEB2 axis","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17937","article-title":"Polydatin alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and alters the gut microbiota in a mouse model","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.163820","article-title":"Hypoxia enhances IPF mesenchymal progenitor cell fibrogenicity via the lactate\/GPR81\/HIF1\u03b1 pathway","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2024.5413","article-title":"SPP1 promotes the polarization of M2 macrophages through the Jak2\/Stat3 signaling pathway and accelerates the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02989-7","article-title":"SPP1 induces idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and NSCLC progression via the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR pathway","volume":"25","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2025.2497369","article-title":"Emodin nanocrystals enhanced mucus penetration and ameliorated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by pulmonary delivery","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156738","article-title":"Diosmin attenuates UUO-induced renal ferroptosis and fibrosis by inhibiting the HIF-1\u03b1\/FABP4 signaling axis","volume":"141","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11998","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15827","article-title":"Emodin inhibiting neutrophil elastase-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition through Notch1 signalling in alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib74","article-title":"Histones methyltransferase NSD3 inhibits lung adenocarcinoma glycolysis through interacting with PPP1CB to decrease STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib75","first-page":"205","article-title":"Pro.SONG Kang's clinical experience in treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Chin. Med. Univ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib76","article-title":"Lung dECM matrikine-based hydrogel reverses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing M2 macrophage polarization","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141890","article-title":"Blocking ATF4 attenuates pulmonary fibrosis by preventing lung fibroblast activation and macrophage M2 program","volume":"307","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874126003120?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874126003120?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:26:38Z","timestamp":1776108398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874126003120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["S0378874126003120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Unraveling the therapeutic mechanisms of Polygonum cuspidatum in pulmonary fibrosis: Modulation of M2 macrophage polarization and glycolysis pathways","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121461","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"121461"}}