{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T13:03:15Z","timestamp":1784638995942,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T07:35:06Z","timestamp":1782372906000},"page":"122113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A multidimensional strategy for exploring active peptides combining chemical analysis and bioassays for medicinal leeches"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"371","author":[{"given":"Yu-Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Duan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianze","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang-Mian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing-Ge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jiao","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Min","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10174","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b03590","article-title":"Exploration of potentially bioactive peptides generated from the enzymatic hydrolysis of hempseed proteins","volume":"65","author":"Aiello","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(90)91020-S","article-title":"Amino acid sequence of ghilanten: anticoagulant-antimetastatic principle of the South American leech, Haementeria ghilianii","volume":"166","author":"Blankenship","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5421","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175421","article-title":"Research on ACEI of low-molecular-weight peptides from Hirudo nipponia Whitman","volume":"27","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7895935","article-title":"Chinese medicinal leech: ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities","volume":"2016","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib5","article-title":"Characterization of active peptides derived from three leeches and comparison of their anti-thrombotic mechanisms using the tail vein thrombosis model in mice and metabonomics","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112723","article-title":"A peptide inhibitor of macrophage migration in atherosclerosis purified from the leech Whitmania pigra","volume":"254","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.70056","article-title":"Discovery of a thrombin-targeting anticoagulant peptide from Whitmania pigra via a \u201ccomputation-guided experimentation\u201d strategy","volume":"31","author":"Hua","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2020.105680","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a novel fibrinolytic enzyme from Whitmania pigra Whitman","volume":"174","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Protein Expr. Purif."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27828","article-title":"Antithrombotic pharmacodynamics and metabolomics study in raw and processed products of Whitmania pigra Whitman","volume":"10","author":"Kui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib12","series-title":"Bencao Gangmu","author":"Li","year":"2005"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib10","article-title":"Quantitative proteomics based bioactive proteins discovery and quality control of medicinal leeches","volume":"319","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19020204","article-title":"The advances in novel delivery strategies for hirudin against cardiovascular diseases","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib13","article-title":"Traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and toxicology of Chinese medicinal leech (Shuizhi): a comprehensive review","volume":"355","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.149473","article-title":"New anticoagulant protein from medicinal leech","volume":"696","author":"Manuvera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112878","article-title":"From ancient leech to direct thrombin inhibitors and beyond: new from old","volume":"149","author":"Montinari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6855","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27206855","article-title":"In silico approach of glycinin and conglycinin chains of soybean by-product (Okara) using papain and bromelain","volume":"27","author":"Ningrum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-04-0235","article-title":"Functional characterisation of vizottin, the first factor Xa inhibitor purified from the leech Haementeria vizottoi","volume":"108","author":"Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119618","article-title":"Shuxuetong injection inhibits pyroptosis in acute ischemic stroke via CD44\/NLRP3\/GSDMD signal","volume":"345","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9718","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47993-8","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of antistasin. An inhibitor of metastasis and coagulation","volume":"262","author":"Tuszynski","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115380","article-title":"Study on the regulatory effect of leech peptide HE-D on macrophages in atherosclerosis by transcriptome sequencing","volume":"294","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18060887","article-title":"A comprehensive quality evaluation system for medicinal leeches by integrating macromolecular protein analysis and small-molecule marker detection as well as quantitative bioassays","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.097","article-title":"Novel Pheretima guillelmi-derived antithrombotic protein DPf3: identification, characterization, in vitro evaluation and antithrombotic mechanisms investigation","volume":"154","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118257","article-title":"Exploring a Hirudin variant from nonhematophagous leeches: unraveling full-length sequence, alternative splicing, function, and potential as a novel anticoagulant polypeptide","volume":"330","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib24","article-title":"Absorption of egg white hydrolysate in the intestine: Clathrin-dependent endocytosis as the main transport route","volume":"173","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"issue":"7498","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13083","article-title":"Structure of the human P2Y12 receptor in complex with an antithrombotic drug","volume":"509","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.114990","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a novel thermostable anticoagulant protein from medicinal leech Whitmania pigra Whitman","volume":"288","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b00322","article-title":"Linear peptides containing d-Leucine with neuroprotective activities from the leech Whitmania pigra Whitman","volume":"82","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-025-00573-0","article-title":"Mining anticoagulant peptides from Poecilobdella manillensis by peptidomics analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2009.03.005","article-title":"A new dicoumarin and anticoagulant activity from Viola yedoensis Makino","volume":"80","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874126009670?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874126009670?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T12:23:02Z","timestamp":1784636582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874126009670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["S0378874126009670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A multidimensional strategy for exploring active peptides combining chemical analysis and bioassays for medicinal leeches","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122113","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"122113"}}