{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:00:07Z","timestamp":1790776807788,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:26:35Z","timestamp":1784820395000},"page":"122236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Areca catechu L. procyanidins alleviate pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-\u03b2\/Smad\/ERK cascade: Validation of a traditional herbal medicine"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"372","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueru","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Early diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Alsomali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pulm. Ther."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib2","first-page":"782","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (update) and progressive pulmonary fibroses: s2k guideline of the German respiratory society","volume":"103","author":"Behr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6081","article-title":"Separation of polyphenols and arecoline from areca nut (Areca catechu L.) by solvent extraction, its antioxidant activity, and identification of polyphenols","volume":"93","author":"Chavan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04233-0","article-title":"Uncovering the mechanism of resveratrol in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13466","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: current and future treatment","volume":"16","author":"Glass","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Res. J."},{"issue":"231","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008182","article-title":"Reversal of persistent fibrosis in aging by targeting Nox4-Nrf2 redox imbalance","volume":"6","author":"Hecker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118755","article-title":"ShaShen-MaiDong decoction attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-\u03b2\/smad3, AKT\/MAPK, and YAP\/TAZ pathways","volume":"337","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.10.014","article-title":"Effects of Areca catechu L. containing procyanidins on cyclooxygenase-2 expression in vitro and in vivo","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2012.12.057","article-title":"Areca nut procyanidins ameliorate streptozocin-induced hyperglycemia by regulating gluconeogenesis","volume":"55","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155545","article-title":"ESL attenuates BLM-induced IPF in mice: dual mediation of the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB and TGF-\u03b21\/PI3K\/Akt\/FOXO3a pathways","volume":"132","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.09.029","article-title":"GTSE1-driven ZEB1 stabilization promotes pulmonary fibrosis through the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition","volume":"32","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60052-4","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"378","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66690-z","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal cell competition coordinates fate transitions across tissue compartments during lung development and fibrosis","volume":"16","author":"Klinkhammer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2013.10.013","article-title":"Effective myofibroblast dedifferentiation by concomitant inhibition of TGF-\u03b2 signaling and perturbation of MAPK signaling","volume":"92","author":"Kosla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102868","article-title":"Oxidatively stressed extracellular microenvironment drives fibroblast activation and kidney fibrosis","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116733","article-title":"Bufei huoxue capsule alleviates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via TGF-\u03b21\/Smad2\/3 signaling","volume":"316","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01485-0","article-title":"Monomeric compounds from natural products for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis: a review","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70217","article-title":"Histone methyltransferase KMT2A promotes pulmonary fibrogenesis via targeting pro-fibrotic factor PU.1 in fibroblasts","volume":"15","author":"Lyu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk2524","article-title":"Lung cell transplantation for pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Milman Krentsis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2021-0445OC","article-title":"Metabolic and epigenetic regulation of SMAD7 by STC1 ameliorates lung fibrosis","volume":"67","author":"Ohkouchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1609509","article-title":"Revisiting pulmonary fibrosis: inflammatory dynamics of the lipofibroblast-to-inflammatory lipofibroblast-to-activated myofibroblast reversible switch","volume":"16","author":"Panagiotidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib21","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 upregulates the expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 in murine lungs","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05289-2","article-title":"Lactate facilitated mitochondrial fission-derived ROS to promote pulmonary fibrosis via ERK\/DRP-1 signaling","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"172","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0015-2024","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 inhibition: a potential treatment target for pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"33","author":"Volkmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156787","article-title":"Procyanidin C1 ameliorates aging-related skin fibrosis through targeting EGFR to inhibit TGF-\u03b2\/SMAD pathway","volume":"142","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO03001E","article-title":"The role of natural products in the prevention and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis: a review","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2019.1696813","article-title":"Areca nut procyanidins prevent ultraviolet light B-induced photoaging via suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinases in mouse skin","volume":"45","author":"Weng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157174","article-title":"Potential saviour of pulmonary fibrosis: multi-pathway treatment of natural products","volume":"147","author":"Weng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.659627","article-title":"Effects of Nervilia fordii extract on pulmonary fibrosis through TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3607","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11223607","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant activity of areca nut polyphenol extracts on RAW264.7 cells","volume":"11","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122337","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874126010913?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874126010913?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:28:16Z","timestamp":1790774896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874126010913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S0378874126010913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Areca catechu L. procyanidins alleviate pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-\u03b2\/Smad\/ERK cascade: Validation of a traditional herbal medicine","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122236","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"122236"}}