{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:41:22Z","timestamp":1792737682173,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81973441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81973441"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T23:38:41Z","timestamp":1787701121000},"page":"122325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Integrated metabolomics and proteomics revealed the comprehensive mechanism of Sijunzi decoction and its active components in improving multi-system dysfunction induced by spleen deficiency syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"373","author":[{"given":"Xiaonan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongjin","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengxu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7500-9275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib1","article-title":"Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide improved spleen deficiency in mice by modulating gut microbiota and energy related metabolisms","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib2","article-title":"Energy metabolism and the intestinal barrier: implications for understanding and managing intestinal diseases","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.202400407","article-title":"Purification, source exploration, and bioactivity evaluation of oligosaccharides in Sijunzi decoction","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Separ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.121141","article-title":"Oligosaccharides and small molecule components of sijunzi decoction modulate the gut microbiota-bile acid axis to synergistically alleviate spleen deficiency syndrome","volume":"360","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2008.12.008","article-title":"Berberine against gastrointestinal peptides elevation and mucous secretion in hyperthyroid diarrheic rats","volume":"155","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.06029-11","article-title":"Occludin: one protein, many forms","volume":"32","author":"Cummins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.50","article-title":"Estradiol and the estradiol metabolite, 2-hydroxyestradiol, activate AMP-activated protein kinase in C2C12 myotubes","volume":"16","author":"D'Eon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155636","article-title":"Sijunzi decoction, a classical Chinese herbal formula, improves fatigue symptoms with changes in gut microbiota in chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center clinical trial","volume":"129","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03302-x","article-title":"An integrated strategy of MS-network-based offline 2DLC-QTOF-MS\/MS coupled with UHPLC-QTRAP\u00ae-MS\/MS for the characterization and quantification of the non-polysaccharides in sijunzi decoction","volume":"413","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118276","article-title":"Multi-omics integrated analyses indicated that non-polysaccharides of Sijunzi decoction ameliorated spleen deficiency syndrome via regulating microbiota-gut-metabolites axis and exerted synergistic compatibility","volume":"331","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1113\/EP088109","article-title":"l-Citrulline supplementation improves glucose and exercise tolerance in obese male mice","volume":"105","author":"Eshreif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1210890","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of Lepidium meyenii walp. Polysaccharides on an immunosuppression model induced by cyclophosphamide","author":"Fei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0168-8","article-title":"Function and mechanisms of enteroendocrine cells and gut hormones in metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Gribble","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2395092","article-title":"Effects of postbiotics on chronic diarrhea in young adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial assessing clinical symptoms, gut microbiota, and metabolite profiles","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16053","article-title":"L-aspartate ameliorates diet-induced obesity by increasing adipocyte energy expenditure","volume":"27","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i8.777","article-title":"Therapies to modulate gut microbiota: past, present and future","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.09.006","article-title":"ER\u03b1 in the control of mitochondrial function and metabolic health","volume":"27","author":"Hevener","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45294-z","article-title":"CDK6 inhibits de novo lipogenesis in white adipose tissues but not in the liver","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116605","article-title":"A screening strategy for bioactive components of bu-zhong-yi-qi-tang regulating spleen-qi deficiency based on \u201cendobiotics-targets-xenobiotics\u201d association network","volume":"314","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00009.2025","article-title":"Impact of gastric emptying and small intestinal carbohydrate absorption on glycemia in health and diabetes: therapeutic implications","volume":"106","author":"Jalleh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1247\/csf.26.109","article-title":"Occludin regulates actin cytoskeleton in endothelial cells","volume":"26","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Struct. Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.12.009","article-title":"Glucose-independent glutamine metabolism via TCA cycling for proliferation and survival in B cells","volume":"15","author":"Le","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib23","article-title":"Serine starvation silences estrogen receptor signaling through histone hypoacetylation","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2026.150820","article-title":"Polysaccharide structural differences in shenling baizhu formulations and their therapeutic effects in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"348","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i3.553","article-title":"Significance of changes of gastrointestinal peptides in blood and ileum of experimental spleen deficiency rats","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12377-1","article-title":"Tankyrase disrupts metabolic homeostasis and promotes tumorigenesis by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib27","article-title":"Role of amino acid metabolism in mitochondrial homeostasis","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24388","article-title":"A combination of depression and liver Qi stagnation and spleen deficiency syndrome using a rat model","volume":"303","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X25500636","article-title":"Research progress on traditional uses, chemical composition, pharmacological actions, and clinical applications of ginseng-containing sijunzi decoction","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c10158","article-title":"Sesamin alleviates allergen-induced diarrhea by restoring gut microbiota composition and intestinal barrier function","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1586212","article-title":"Correlation of intestinal bacteria, fungi and dietary nutrient intake in NAFLD patients with spleen deficiency syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cathepsin K (CTSK) in inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2018.02.007","article-title":"Plasma metabolomics coupled with MetaboAnalyst and Ingenuity pathway analysis characterizes linoleic acid metabolism disorder in patients with spleen-yang-deficiency syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inte. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164998","article-title":"Energy metabolic mechanisms for high altitude sickness: downregulation of glycolysis and upregulation of the lactic acid\/amino acid-pyruvate-TCA pathways and fatty acid oxidation","volume":"894","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02896-9","article-title":"Diarrhea accompanies intestinal inflammation and intestinal mucosal microbiota dysbiosis during fatigue combined with a high-fat diet","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib36","article-title":"Ergosterone ameliorates RRR-induced spleen deficiency by gut microbiota-gut metabolites and P38MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115834","article-title":"Citrate and hydroxycinnamate derivatives from Mume Fructus protect LPS-injured intestinal epithelial cells by regulating the FAK\/PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway","volume":"301","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006859115450","article-title":"Dihydroorotat-ubiquinone oxidoreductase links mitochondria in the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides","volume":"174","author":"L\u00f6ffler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.08.005","article-title":"Clinical endocrinology and metabolism. The somatostatin neuroendocrine system: physiology and clinical relevance in gastrointestinal and pancreatic disorders","volume":"18","author":"Low","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153790","article-title":"Differential effect of polysaccharide and nonpolysaccharide components in Sijunzi decoction on spleen deficiency syndrome and their mechanisms","volume":"93","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8391","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168391","article-title":"CDK4, CDK6\/cyclin-D1 complex inhibition and radiotherapy for cancer control: a role for autophagy","volume":"22","author":"Nardone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042930","article-title":"The role of microbial amino acid metabolism in host metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Neis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib43","series-title":"The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Medicine: a New Translation of the Neijing Suwen with Commentary","author":"Ni","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib44","first-page":"372","article-title":"Mechanism of D-xylose transport in human small intestine","volume":"5","author":"Ohkohchi","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30409","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R200006200","article-title":"The key role of anaplerosis and cataplerosis for citric acid cycle function","volume":"277","author":"Owen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156631","article-title":"Integrative gut microbiota, metabolomics and proteomics studies unraveled the mechanism of shaoteng decoction in treating sjogren's syndrome","volume":"140","author":"Pang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomed.: Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.202200737","article-title":"Multiple approaches to characterize and visualize the chemical composition of Sijunzi decoction comprehensively","volume":"46","author":"Pu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Separ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121475","article-title":"Babaodan alleviates MAFLD through hepatic glycerophospholipid metabolism and PPAR\u03b3\/RXRA\/GPAT3 based on spatial metabolomics and proteomics analysis","volume":"364","author":"Qiu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.07.002","article-title":"A critical SUMO1 modification of LKB1 regulates AMPK activity during energy stress","volume":"12","author":"Ritho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03592-y","article-title":"FMT and TCM to treat diarrhoeal irritable bowel syndrome with induced spleen deficiency syndrome- microbiomic and metabolomic insights","volume":"24","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00677-w","article-title":"Role of the gut-brain axis in energy and glucose metabolism","volume":"54","author":"Wachsmuth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60657","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA06361F","article-title":"Protective effect of polysaccharides fractions from sijunzi decoction in reserpine-induced spleen deficiency rats","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9929","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0608055","article-title":"Purification and ATP hydrolysis of the putative cholesterol transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib54","article-title":"Multi-omics reveals hepatotoxic mechanisms and key toxic components of polygoni multiflori radix and its processed products. Phytomed","volume":"153","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.142048","article-title":"Theaflavin-3,3\u2019-digallate (TF3) attenuated constipation by promoting gastrointestinal motility and modulating the gut microbiota: a comparative study of TF3 and the anti-constipation drug mosapride in mice","volume":"465","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v4.i1.2","article-title":"Current concept of Spleen-Stomach theory and Spleen deficiency syndrome in TCM","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2026.107172","article-title":"Integrated serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology reveal the mechanisms of baoyuan decoction formula granules against spleen deficiency syndrome","volume":"190","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24329-9","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla modulate gut microbiota and alleviate syndrome of spleen deficiency in rats","volume":"12","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01601-24","article-title":"Young gut microbiota transplantation improves the metabolic health of old mice","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115105","article-title":"Succinate links TCA cycle dysfunction to inflammation by activating HIF-1\u03b1 signaling in acute kidney injury","volume":"161","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2025.117070","article-title":"Multi-omics validation and material basis study of honey processed licorice for ameliorating spleen deficiency syndrome","volume":"266","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108679","article-title":"Atractyloside-A ameliorates spleen deficiency diarrhea by interfering with TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling activation and regulating intestinal flora homeostasis","volume":"107","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5804","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01062A","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus alleviates type 2 diabetes by regulating hepatic glucose, lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in mice","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.105944","article-title":"Label-free mass spectrometry-based proteomics for investigating the therapeutic mechanism of sijunzi decoction on spleen deficiency syndrome","volume":"164","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.104422","article-title":"Metabolomics analysis reveals the mechanisms of the effect of sijunzi decoction on spleen deficiency syndrome in a rat model","volume":"152","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib66","article-title":"The potential of Sijunzi decoction in the fight against gastrointestinal disorders: a review","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2025.106757","article-title":"Study on the mechanism of yihuang powder ethanol extract on spleen deficiency diarrhea in young rats based on intestinal flora and metabonomics","volume":"185","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00617","article-title":"Coordinated modulation of energy metabolism and inflammation by branched-chain amino acids and fatty acids","volume":"11","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.028","article-title":"Tat-CIAPIN1 inhibits hippocampal neuronal cell damage through the MAPK and apoptotic signaling pathways","volume":"135","author":"Yeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-020-00394-y","article-title":"Shengmai yin formula modulates the gut microbiota of spleen-deficiency rats","volume":"15","author":"You","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1495311","article-title":"External damp environment aggravates diarrhea in spleen deficiency and dampness syndrome in mice: involvement of small intestinal contents microbiota, energy metabolism, gastrointestinal and fluid functions","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib72","article-title":"Downregulation of CIAPIN1 regulates the proliferation, migration and glycolysis of breast cancer cells via inhibition of STAT3 pathway","volume":"14","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117205","article-title":"Integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling reveals the effect of atractylodes oil on spleen yang deficiency syndrome in rats","volume":"319","author":"Zhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.112927","article-title":"Metabolomic study of raw and bran-fried atractylodis rhizoma on rats with spleen deficiency","volume":"182","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2023.2169719","article-title":"Panax ginseng improves physical recovery and energy utilization on chronic fatigue in rats through the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signalling pathway","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154374","article-title":"Xiangsha liujunzi decoction improves gastrointestinal motility in functional dyspepsia with spleen deficiency syndrome by restoring mitochondrial quality control homeostasis","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib77","article-title":"Artemisia argyi polysaccharide alleviates osmotic diarrhea by enhancing intestinal barrier protection and anti-inflammation","volume":"282","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib78","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic acid, a natural sweetener, through KLRC2\/ZAP70\/MAPK pathway attenuates spleen deficiency syndrome in ratsnew","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/818235","article-title":"Evidence-based novel changes in prevalence and symptom characteristics of spleen deficiency syndrome in persons of varied health status and different ages: a cross-sectional observational study","volume":"2014","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.: eCAM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114281","article-title":"Metabolomics of Spleen-yang deficiency syndrome and the therapeutic effect of fuzi lizhong pill on regulating endogenous metabolism","volume":"278","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib81","article-title":"Application of multi-omics in the study of traditional chinese medicine","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib82","first-page":"5247","article-title":"Integration of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and systems pharmacology data to reveal the therapeutic mechanism underlying chinese herbal bufei yishen formula for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157301","article-title":"Integrating metagenomics, lipidomics and proteomics to explore the effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 on atherosclerosis co-depression disease","volume":"148","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.586350","article-title":"Integrating pharmacology and gut microbiota analysis to explore the mechanism of citri reticulatae pericarpium against reserpine-induced spleen deficiency in rats","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1620789","article-title":"One mechanism of Sishen Pill on diarrhea with kidney yang deficiency syndrome: influencing metabolic function by intestinal microorganisms and enzyme activity mediates the gut-kidney axis","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874126011803?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874126011803?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:33:51Z","timestamp":1792737231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874126011803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["S0378874126011803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Integrated metabolomics and proteomics revealed the comprehensive mechanism of Sijunzi decoction and its active components in improving multi-system dysfunction induced by spleen deficiency syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2026.122325","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"122325"}}