{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T13:47:48Z","timestamp":1762350468832,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42277429"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42277429"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T10:55:42Z","timestamp":1731149742000},"page":"447-460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Changes in source contribution to particle number concentrations during the 2022 COVID-19 Lockdown on southern edge of North China Plain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guotao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0499-1767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.07.026","article-title":"Factors influencing particle number concentrations, size distributions and modal parameters at a roof-level and roadside site in Leicester, UK","volume":"386","author":"Agus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-014-0248-9","article-title":"Impacts of intercontinental transport of anthropogenic fine particulate matter on human mortality","volume":"7","author":"Anenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"MR17","DOI":"10.1116\/1.2815690","article-title":"Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity","volume":"2","author":"Buzea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biointerphases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2011.09.008","article-title":"openair-An R package for air quality data analysis","volume":"27-28","author":"Carslaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Modell. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1140\/epjconf\/e2009-00921-0","article-title":"Nucleation of atmospheric particles","volume":"1","author":"Curtius","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Conf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143548","article-title":"Changes in source contributions to particle number concentrations after the COVID-19 outbreak: insights from a dispersion normalized PMF","volume":"759","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9917","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02776","article-title":"Dispersion normalized PMF provides insights into the significant changes in source contributions to PM2.5 after the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"54","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108662","article-title":"Effects of air pollution particles (ultrafine and fine particulate matter) on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress \u2013 Implications for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"696","author":"Daiber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142226","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on air pollution levels in East Asia","volume":"754","author":"Ghahremanloo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.02.019","article-title":"Formation potential of vehicle exhaust nucleation mode particles on-road and in the laboratory","volume":"39","author":"Giechaskiel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.01.009","article-title":"Source apportionment of ambient particles: comparison of positive matrix factorization analysis applied to particle size distribution and chemical composition data","volume":"45","author":"Gu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5522","DOI":"10.1021\/es2006622","article-title":"PMF analysis of wide-range particle size spectra collected on a major highway","volume":"45","author":"Harrison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153104","article-title":"Source apportionment of particle number concentrations: a global review","volume":"819","author":"Hopke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143710","article-title":"Importance of regional PM2.5 transport and precipitation washout in heavy air pollution in the Twain-Hu Basin over Central China: observational analysis and WRF-Chem simulation","volume":"758","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0015","first-page":"2840","article-title":"Influence of COVID-19 prevention and control measures on PM2.5 concentration, particle size distribution, chemical composition, and source in Zhengzhou, China","volume":"43","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"7521","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13774","article-title":"High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China","volume":"514","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-020-0583-4","article-title":"Amplified transboundary transport of haze by aerosol-boundary layer interaction in China","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0018","first-page":"337","article-title":"Evaluation of an automatic algorithm for fitting the particle number size distributions","volume":"10","author":"Hussein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Boreal Environ. Res."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanawade, V., Tripathi, S.N., 2006. Evidence for the role of ion-induced particle formation during an atmospheric nucleation event observed in tropospheric ozone production about the spring equinox (TOPSE). J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. 111(D2). doi:doi:10.1029\/2005JD006366.","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0019","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006366"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.06.039","article-title":"Size, source and chemical composition as determinants of toxicity attributable to ambient particulate matter","volume":"60","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.10.005","article-title":"A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"7604","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17953","article-title":"Ion-induced nucleation of pure biogenic particles","volume":"533","author":"Kirkby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2005.08.005","article-title":"On-road and laboratory evaluation of combustion aerosols\u2014part1: summary of diesel engine results","volume":"37","author":"Kittelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2003.10.003","article-title":"Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations","volume":"35","author":"Kulmala","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1039\/b611479b","article-title":"Observations of urban airborne particle number concentrations during rush-hour conditions: analysis of the number based size distributions and modal parameters","volume":"8","author":"Lingard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206398","article-title":"Size-fractionated particle number concentrations and daily mortality in a chinese city","volume":"121","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L22104","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020910","article-title":"Atmospheric evolution of organic aerosol","volume":"31","author":"Molina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.07.050","article-title":"Ambient nano and ultrafine particles from motor vehicle emissions: characteristics, ambient processing and implications on human exposure","volume":"42","author":"Morawska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2006.00418.x","article-title":"Analysis of indoor particle size distributions in an occupied townhouse using positive matrix factorization","volume":"16","author":"Ogulei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/02786820601116012","article-title":"Modeling source contributions to submicron particle number concentrations measured in rochester, New York","volume":"41","author":"Ogulei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.075","article-title":"Source apportionment of Baltimore aerosol from combined size distribution and chemical composition data","volume":"40","author":"Ogulei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0940a6","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aba20c","article-title":"Effect of aerosol radiative forcing uncertainty on projected exceedance year of a 1.5 \u00b0C global temperature rise","volume":"15","author":"Peace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108889","article-title":"Toxicity of airborne nanoparticles: facts and challenges","volume":"190","author":"Portugal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105345","article-title":"Source apportionment of particle number size distribution in urban background and traffic stations in four European cities","volume":"135","author":"Rivas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106662","article-title":"Associations between sources of particle number and mortality in four European cities","volume":"155","author":"Rivas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119072","article-title":"Variations in source contributions of particle number concentration under long-term emission control in winter of urban Beijing","volume":"304","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01018-z","article-title":"Increased air pollution exposure among the Chinese population during the national quarantine in 2020","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Human Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2016.08.018","article-title":"Comparative particulate characteristics of hydrogen, CNG, HCNG, gasoline and diesel fueled engines","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"7621","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19314","article-title":"Molecular-scale evidence of aerosol particle formation via sequential addition of HIO3","volume":"537","author":"Sipila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.01.060","article-title":"Health burden attributable to ambient PM2.5 in China","volume":"223","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"7604","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18271","article-title":"The role of low-volatility organic compounds in initial particle growth in the atmosphere","volume":"533","author":"Trostl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18984","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006853117","article-title":"COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines","volume":"117","author":"Venter","year":"2020","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.09.027","article-title":"Review: particle number size distributions from seven major sources and implications for source apportionment studies","volume":"122","author":"Vu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10159","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-10159-2013","article-title":"Long-term measurements of particle number size distributions and the relationships with air mass history and source apportionment in the summer of Beijing","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.07.009","article-title":"Investigation of PM2.5 pollution during COVID-19 pandemic in Guangzhou, China","volume":"115","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2020.04.0150","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 event on air quality in Central China","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118526","article-title":"Aerosol number concentrations and new particle formation events over a polluted megacity during the COVID-19 lockdown","volume":"259","author":"Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.116875","article-title":"Associations between size-fractionated particle number concentrations and COPD mortality in Shanghai, China","volume":"214","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7217","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-7217-2020","article-title":"Heavy air pollution with a unique \u201cnon-stagnant\u201d atmospheric boundary layer in the Yangtze River middle basin aggravated by regional transport of PM2.5 over China","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0050","first-page":"4467","article-title":"Size distribution and source appointment of road particles during winter in Tianjin","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0051","first-page":"4230","article-title":"Characterization of fine particulate matter compositions and organic aerosols during the 2022 epidemic control period in the southern cities of the North China plain organic aerosol source analysis","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119470","article-title":"Airborne particle number concentrations in China: a critical review","volume":"307","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117835","article-title":"Observations of new particle formation, modal growth rates, and direct emissions of sub-10 nm particles in an urban environment","volume":"242","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1001074224005217?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1001074224005217?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T13:44:40Z","timestamp":1762350280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1001074224005217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S1001074224005217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1001-0742"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1001-0742"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Changes in source contribution to particle number concentrations during the 2022 COVID-19 Lockdown on southern edge of North China Plain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Environmental Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2024.10.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}