{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T15:49:23Z","timestamp":1782229763077,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51968065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51968065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T10:08:50Z","timestamp":1763374130000},"page":"558-569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["CO2 emission characteristics of hybrid electric vehicles in the tank-to-wheel (TTW) phase in plateau region"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"166","author":[{"given":"Decui","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haisheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longqing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanlin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huawei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2009.11.001","article-title":"Review of design considerations and technological challenges for successful development and deployment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles","volume":"14","author":"Amjad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1111\/jiec.13500","article-title":"Well-to-wheels analysis of greenhouse gas emissions for passenger vehicles in Middle East and North Africa","volume":"28","author":"Ankathi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ind. Ecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3141\/2058-20","article-title":"Real-world carbon dioxide impacts of traffic congestion","volume":"2058","author":"Barth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.133892","article-title":"A novel VSP-based CO2 emission model for ICEs and HEVs based on internally observable variables: engine operating speeds","volume":"313","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2015.12.006","article-title":"Urban real-world driving traffic emissions during interruption and congestion","volume":"43","author":"Choudhary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7310","DOI":"10.3390\/en14217310","article-title":"Real driving emissions in extended driving conditions","volume":"14","author":"Engelmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.11.031","article-title":"Life-cycle analysis of energy and greenhouse gas emissions of automotive fuels in India: part 1\u2013Tank-to-wheel analysis","volume":"96","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10199","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01203","article-title":"Hybrid-electric passenger car carbon dioxide and fuel consumption benefits based on real-world driving","volume":"49","author":"Holm\u00e9n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2022.101597","article-title":"Characterizing and assessing the fuel economy, particle number and gaseous emissions performance of hybrid electric and conventional vehicles under different driving modes","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.349","article-title":"Fuel consumption and emissions performance under real driving: comparison between hybrid and conventional vehicles","volume":"659","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0011","series-title":"Clean Energy Market Monitor \u2013 March 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0012","series-title":"Global EV Outlook 2025","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0013","series-title":"Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Working Group III Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170671","article-title":"Investigating the impact of high-altitude on vehicle carbon emissions: a comprehensive on-road driving study","volume":"918","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.12.011","article-title":"Well-to-wheels energy consumption and emissions of electric vehicles: mid-term implications from real-world features and air pollution control progress","volume":"188","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2023.11.788","article-title":"Calculating heavy-duty vehicle CO2 emission reduction costs for Green Deal scenarios: extension of the DIONE model","volume":"72","author":"Krause","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.131685","article-title":"Well-to-wheel carbon footprint and cost analysis of gasoline, diesel, hydrogen ICE, hybrid and fully electric city buses","volume":"301","author":"Kuyumcu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128745","article-title":"Study on energy consumption characteristics of passenger electric vehicle according to the regenerative braking stages during real-world driving conditions","volume":"283","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2024.102365","article-title":"Assessment of eco-driving strategies on carbon emissions for hybrid vehicles through portable emissions measurement systems","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2024.104276","article-title":"Estimation of transport CO2 emissions using machine learning algorithm","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173400","article-title":"Real-world greenhouse gas emission characteristics from in-use light-duty diesel trucks in China","volume":"940","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su162310344","article-title":"Optimal speed ranges for different vehicle types for exhaust emission control","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127564","article-title":"Comparative analysis for different vehicle powertrains in terms of energy-saving potential and cost-effectiveness in China","volume":"276","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0024","series-title":"China Mobile Source Environmental Management Annual Report 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.136088","article-title":"Development of real-road CO2 emission factors for diesel light-duty vehicles across diverse driving conditions","volume":"324","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124140","article-title":"Estimating regional CO2 and NOx emissions from road transport using real-world data-based emission factors in Korea","volume":"352","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0027","first-page":"331","article-title":"The impact of daily and annual driving on fuel economy and CO2 emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles","volume":"118","author":"Pl\u00f6tz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. A: Policy Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.09.016","article-title":"Sustainable options for electric vehicle technologies","volume":"41","author":"Poullikkas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.treng.2021.100069","article-title":"Emissions and energy consumption of a plug-in hybrid passenger car in real driving emission (RDE) test","volume":"4","author":"Prati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos14121739","article-title":"The effects of varying altitudes on the rates of emissions from diesel and gasoline vehicles using a portable emission measurement system","volume":"14","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmosphere (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128931","article-title":"A comparative assessment of CO2 emission between gasoline, electric, and hybrid vehicles: a well-to-wheel perspective using agent-based modeling","volume":"321","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0032","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global energy outlook 2023: sowing the seeds of an energy transition","volume":"1","author":"Raimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Future"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1468087419877990","article-title":"IJER editorial: the future of the internal combustion engine","volume":"21","author":"Reitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Engine Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2012.12.011","article-title":"Conventional, hybrid and electric vehicles for australian driving conditions. Part 2: life cycle CO2-e emissions","volume":"28","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. C: Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2025.126445","article-title":"Energy management strategy of flywheel hybrid electric vehicle based on driving condition recognition","volume":"272","author":"Si","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4948","DOI":"10.3390\/su11184948","article-title":"Impact of the electric mobility implementation on the greenhouse gases production in central European countries","volume":"11","author":"Skr\u00facan\u00fd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2018.12.008","article-title":"Quantifying air quality benefits resulting from few autonomous vehicles stabilizing traffic","volume":"67","author":"Stern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.05.216","article-title":"Energy consumptions and CO2 emissions of different powertrains under real-world driving with various route characteristics","volume":"8","author":"Suttakul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2023.117050","article-title":"A new vehicle specific power method based on internally observable variables: application to CO2 emission assessment for a hybrid electric vehicle","volume":"286","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.123076","article-title":"Real driving energy consumption and CO2 & pollutant emission characteristics of a parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle under different propulsion modes","volume":"244","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-023-01173-x","article-title":"Future reductions of China\u2019s transport emissions impacted by changing driving behaviour","volume":"6","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.10.057","article-title":"Impacts of SO2 taxations and renewable energy development on CO2, NOx and SO2 emissions in Jing-Jin-Ji region","volume":"171","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3390\/app15010142","article-title":"Energy management strategies for extended-range electric vehicles with real driving emission constraints","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2021.104187","article-title":"Field measurements of vehicle pollutant emissions in road tunnels at different altitudes","volume":"118","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2024.104377","article-title":"CO2 emission characteristics of China VI hybrid vehicles","volume":"135","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ."},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0046","first-page":"161","article-title":"Emission characteristics analysis of China VI hybrid vehicles","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos16080946","article-title":"Characterizing CO2 emission from various PHEVs under charge-depleting conditions","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmosphere (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.08.002","article-title":"Well-to-wheel costs, primary energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions for the production and operation of conventional and alternative vehicles","volume":"48","author":"Yazdanie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119853561","article-title":"Method for evaluating eco-driving behaviors based on vehicle specific power distributions","volume":"2673","author":"Zang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170430","article-title":"Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of carbon emissions from road transportation in the mainland of China from 2006 to 2021","volume":"917","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0051","first-page":"59","article-title":"Understanding freight drivers' behavior and the impact on vehicles' fuel consumption and CO2e emissions","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0052","article-title":"Comparative study of VSP binning methods for estimating fuel consumptions of LDVs on urban roads","volume":"2066","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134458","article-title":"Characterizing carbon emissions from China V and China VI gasoline vehicles based on portable emission measurement systems","volume":"378","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1001074225007430?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1001074225007430?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T15:27:17Z","timestamp":1782228437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1001074225007430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S1001074225007430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1001-0742"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1001-0742","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"CO2 emission characteristics of hybrid electric vehicles in the tank-to-wheel (TTW) phase in plateau region","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Environmental Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2025.11.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}