{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:16:14Z","timestamp":1788279374331,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008868","name":"Jiangsu Province Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BE2023400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2023400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008868","name":"Jiangsu Province Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20220017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008868","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42377117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42505117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42505117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42207132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42207132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42207123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42207123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:27:05Z","timestamp":1765931225000},"page":"612-622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Ethylenediurea applied during grain filling alleviates physiological damages without yield recovery in wheat under elevated ozone"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"168","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-4490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanru","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenglei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0058-4857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgenios","family":"Agathokleous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yansen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9775-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaozhong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.04.057","article-title":"Perspectives for elucidating the ethylenediurea (EDU) mode of action for protection against O3 phytotoxicity","volume":"142","author":"Agathokleous","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0002","series-title":"Tropospheric Ozone: A Hazard For Vegetation and Human Health","first-page":"653","article-title":"Protecting plants against ozone toxicity by applying ethylenediurea: an update","author":"Agathokleous","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162672","article-title":"Ethylenediurea protects against ozone phytotoxicity not by adding nitrogen or controlling stomata in a stomata-unresponsive hybrid poplar","volume":"875","author":"Agathokleous","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-021-01352-6","article-title":"Ethylenediurea (EDU) effects on hybrid larch saplings exposed to ambient or elevated ozone over three growing seasons","volume":"33","author":"Agathokleous","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.03.061","article-title":"Effects of ozone (O3) and ethylenediurea (EDU) on the ecological stoichiometry of a willow grown in a free-air exposure system","volume":"238","author":"Agathokleous","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2480\/agrmet.D-14-00017","article-title":"Ethylene-di-urea (EDU), an effective phytoproctectant against O3 deleterious effects and a valuable research tool","volume":"71","author":"Agathokleous","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.12.051","article-title":"The first toxicological study of the antiozonant and research tool ethylene diurea (EDU) using a Lemna minor L. bioassay: hints to its mode of action","volume":"213","author":"Agathokleous","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.122","article-title":"High doses of ethylene diurea (EDU) are not toxic to willow and act as nitrogen fertilizer","volume":"566","author":"Agathokleous","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.08.183","article-title":"Impacts of ethylenediurea (EDU) soil drench and foliar spray in Salix sachalinensis protection against O3-induced injury","volume":"573","author":"Agathokleous","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1992.tb04728.x","article-title":"Ascorbate peroxidase\u2013a hydrogen peroxide-scavenging enzyme in plants","volume":"85","author":"Asada","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.13423","article-title":"Ethylenediurea (EDU) mitigates the negative effects of ozone in rice: insights into its mode of action","volume":"41","author":"Ashrafuzzaman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.06.055","article-title":"Diagnosing ozone stress and differential tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) with ethylenediurea (EDU)","volume":"230","author":"Ashrafuzzaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(71)90370-8","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels","volume":"44","author":"Beauchamp","year":"1971","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of \u201cantioxidant power\u201d: the FRAP assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01477.x","article-title":"Genotypic differences in leaf biochemical, physiological and growth responses to ozone in 20 winter wheat cultivars released over the past 60 years","volume":"14","author":"Biswas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2021.108259","article-title":"Harvest index and remobilization of 13 elements during wheat grain filling: experiences from ozone experiments in China and Sweden","volume":"271","author":"Broberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Field. Crops. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.12.009","article-title":"Seasonal profiles of leaf ascorbic acid content and redox state in ozone-sensitive wildflowers","volume":"143","author":"Burkey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2004.05.002","article-title":"Response to ozone in two lettuce varieties on chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments and lipid peroxidation","volume":"42","author":"Calatayud","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2020.100963","article-title":"Relative effectiveness of ethylenediurea, phenyl urea, ascorbic acid and urea in preventing groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crop from ground level ozone","volume":"19","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119251","article-title":"Identifying and modelling key physiological traits that confer tolerance or sensitivity to ozone in winter wheat","volume":"304","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29208","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2782-8","article-title":"Intraspecific variation in sensitivity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to ambient ozone in northern China as assessed by ethylenediurea (EDU)","volume":"25","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.11.033","article-title":"Assessing the impacts of current and future concentrations of surface ozone on crop yield with meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Feng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01673.x","article-title":"Impact of elevated ozone concentration on growth, physiology, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.08.019","article-title":"Apoplastic ascorbate contributes to the differential ozone sensitivity in two varieties of winter wheat under fully open-air field conditions","volume":"158","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.08.083","article-title":"Differential effects of ozone on photosynthesis of winter wheat among cultivars depend on antioxidative enzymes rather than stomatal conductance","volume":"572","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.07.009","article-title":"Protection of plants from ambient ozone by applications of ethylenediurea (EDU): a meta-analytic review","volume":"158","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00422-6","article-title":"Ozone pollution threatens the production of major staple crops in East Asia","volume":"3","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Food"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168560","article-title":"Evidence for tropospheric ozone effects on rice production in Bangladesh","volume":"909","author":"Frei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers330","article-title":"The role of L-ascorbic acid recycling in responding to environmental stress and in promoting plant growth","volume":"64","author":"Gallie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(97)00035-3","article-title":"Translocation and persistence of EDU (ethylenediurea) in plants: the relationship with its role in ozone damage","volume":"96","author":"Gatta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61876","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-35367-3","article-title":"Investigating the potency of ethylenediurea (EDU) in alleviating the affliction of ambient ozone in heat labile tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum L.)","volume":"31","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2023.101907","article-title":"Tropospheric ozone is a catastrophe, and ethylenediurea (EDU) is a phytoprotectant, recent reports on climate change scenario: a review","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.12.150","article-title":"Impact of Ethylene diurea (EDU) on growth, yield and proteome of two winter wheat varieties under high ambient ozone phytotoxicity","volume":"196","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00709-021-01617-1","article-title":"Effects of ethylenediurea (EDU) on apoplast and chloroplast proteome in two wheat varieties under high ambient ozone: an approach to investigate EDU's mode of action","volume":"258","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(68)90654-1","article-title":"Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation","volume":"125","author":"Heath","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2017.07.002","article-title":"Large variability in ambient ozone sensitivity across 19 ethylenediurea-treated Chinese cultivars of soybean is driven by total ascorbate","volume":"64","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111857","article-title":"Evaluating impacts of biogenic silver nanoparticles and ethylenediurea on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) against ozone-induced damages","volume":"203","author":"Kannaujia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1812168116","article-title":"Anthropogenic drivers of 2013\u20132017 trends in summer surface ozone in China","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0039","first-page":"350","article-title":"Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes","volume":"148","author":"Lichtenthaler","year":"1987"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004714506156","article-title":"NaCl induced changes in ionically bound peroxidase activity in roots of rice seedlings","volume":"216","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.8b00366","article-title":"Severe surface ozone pollution in China: a global perspective","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00196666","article-title":"Ozone detoxification in the apoplasm and symplasm of spinach, broad bean and beech leaves at ambient and elevated concentrations of ozone in air","volume":"197","author":"Luwe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stress.2024.100479","article-title":"Cultivar-specific regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity and stomatal closure confer tolerance of wheat to elevated ozone: a two-year open-field study with five cultivars","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Stress"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.07.005","article-title":"Ethylenediurea (EDU): a research tool for assessment and verification of the effects of ground level ozone on plants under natural conditions","volume":"159","author":"Manning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2025.110053","article-title":"Differential ozone responses of selected winter wheat genotypes","volume":"333","author":"Mashaheet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1997.00801.x","article-title":"Enhanced ozone-tolerance in wheat grown at an elevated CO2 concentration: ozone exclusion and detoxification","volume":"137","author":"McKee","year":"1997","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_sbref0051","series-title":"China environmental status bulletin","year":"2025"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4869","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14381","article-title":"Closing the global ozone yield gap: quantification and cobenefits for multistress tolerance","volume":"24","author":"Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-09079-x","article-title":"Thermotolerant wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. var. WR544) response to ozone, EDU, and particulate matter interactive exposure","volume":"193","author":"Mina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8889","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-8889-2015","article-title":"Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer","volume":"15","author":"Monks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab097","article-title":"Ozone responses in Arabidopsis: beyond stomatal conductance","volume":"186","author":"Morales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1244515","article-title":"Elevated tropospheric ozone and crop production: potential negative effects and plant defense mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Nowroz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-22-181-2025","article-title":"Development of the DO3SE-Crop model to assess ozone effects on crop phenology, biomass, and yield","volume":"22","author":"Pande","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00581","article-title":"Abiotic stress tolerance in plants: myriad roles of ascorbate peroxidase","volume":"8","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.01.040","article-title":"Protection of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) trees from ozone injury by ethylenediurea (EDU): roles of biochemical changes and decreased stomatal conductance in enhancement of growth","volume":"155","author":"Paoletti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.03.017","article-title":"Effects of different routes of application on ethylenediurea persistence in tobacco leaves","volume":"212","author":"Pasqualini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13083","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4569-5","article-title":"Ecophysiological and antioxidant traits of Salvia officinalis under ozone stress","volume":"22","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2023.106267","article-title":"Protectants to ameliorate ozone-induced damage in crops \u2013 A possible solution for sustainable agriculture","volume":"170","author":"Poornima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crop. Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2024.1526846","article-title":"Renewal of wheat cultivars enhances ozone resistance in yield but detrimentally impacts quality: a survey of Chinese wheat","volume":"15","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.10.031","article-title":"Application of ethylene diurea (EDU) in assessing the response of a tropical soybean cultivar to ambient O3: nitrogen metabolism, antioxidants, reproductive development and yield","volume":"112","author":"Rai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.10.036","article-title":"Ozone risk assessment of castor (Ricinus communis L.) cultivars using open top chamber and ethylenediurea (EDU)","volume":"244","author":"Rathore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0062","article-title":"Exogenous application of chemicals for protecting plants against ambient ozone pollution: what should come next?","volume":"19","author":"Saitanis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151341","article-title":"Ethylenediurea offers moderate protection against ozone-induced rice yield loss under high ozone pollution","volume":"806","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171030","article-title":"Can ethylenediurea (EDU) alter the effects of ozone on the source-sink regulation of nitrogen uptake and remobilization during grain filling period in rice?","volume":"920","author":"Shang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-022-10266-4","article-title":"Tropospheric ozone effect on yield, quality and antioxidant defence of six cultivars of jute with ethylene diurea in the lower Gangetic Plains of India","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-008-0617-7","article-title":"Use of ethylene diurea (EDU) in assessing the impact of ozone on growth and productivity of five cultivars of Indian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"159","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.03.029","article-title":"Differential protection of ethylenediurea (EDU) against ambient ozone for five cultivars of tropical wheat","volume":"157","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2020.100025","article-title":"Individual and combined effects of ethylenediurea (EDU) and elevated carbon dioxide (ECO2), on two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars under ambient ozone","volume":"2","author":"Surabhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Adv."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2022.101503","article-title":"Ethylenediurea (EDU) mediated protection from ambient ozone-induced oxidative stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under a high CO2 environment","volume":"13","author":"Surabhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.11.014","article-title":"Cutleaf coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata L.) response to ozone and ethylenediurea (EDU)","volume":"157","author":"Szantoi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcae093","article-title":"Chlorophyll degradation and its physiological function","volume":"66","author":"Tanaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.02.008","article-title":"Assessing the impact of ambient ozone on growth and productivity of two cultivars of wheat in India using three rates of application of ethylenediurea (EDU)","volume":"138","author":"Tiwari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.12.014","article-title":"Assessing the impact of ambient ozone on growth and yield of a rice (Oryza sativa L.) and a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar grown in the Yangtze Delta, China, using three rates of application of ethylenediurea (EDU)","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-023-01284-2","article-title":"Sustained emission reductions have restrained the ozone pollution over China","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112775","article-title":"Full-coverage mapping and spatiotemporal variations of ground-level ozone (O3) pollution from 2013 to 2020 across China","volume":"270","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4190","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.4190","article-title":"High throughput analyses of ascorbate-turnover enzyme activities in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bio. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/er-2024-0038","article-title":"Development trend, evolution of themes, gaps, and challenges of the research investigating ozone effects on vegetation","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109412","article-title":"Unraveling the spatiotemporal dynamics and drivers of surface and tropospheric ozone in China","volume":"198","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.05.043","article-title":"Assessing the effects of ambient ozone in China on snap bean genotypes by using ethylenediurea (EDU)","volume":"205","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0080","article-title":"Ethylenediurea reduces grain chalkiness in hybrid rice cultivars under ambient levels of surface ozone in China","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2025.121438","article-title":"Unexpected benefits of agricultural greenhouses in mitigating ozone pollution on crop yields in China","volume":"360","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2024.08.024","article-title":"Fluctuating ozone exposures caused trade-offs between vegetative growth and reproduction of two Chinese bean cultivars and ethylenediurea alleviated ozone phytotoxicities","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1001074225008125?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1001074225008125?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:21:54Z","timestamp":1788276114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1001074225008125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["S1001074225008125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034","relation":{},"ISSN":["1001-0742"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1001-0742","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ethylenediurea applied during grain filling alleviates physiological damages without yield recovery in wheat under elevated ozone","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Environmental Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2025.12.034","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}