{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:02:26Z","timestamp":1790874146070,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42377257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42377257"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T01:58:23Z","timestamp":1775181503000},"page":"10-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Valorization of Spirulina residue for magnetic layered double hydroxide functionalized biochar: Synergistic cadmium and arsenic adsorption, mechanism insights, and soil phytotoxicity mitigation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Xue","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9456-2711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianfang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengqi","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinli","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05475","article-title":"Effect of soil amendments on antioxidant activity and photosynthetic pigments in pea crops grown in arsenic contaminated soil","volume":"6","author":"Alam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2020.101567","article-title":"Sustainable and eco-friendly approach for phosphorus recovery from wastewater by hydrothermally carbonized microalgae: study on spent bio-char as fertilizer","volume":"38","author":"Arun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Water Process. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138333","article-title":"MgFe-LDH@biochars for removing ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus from biogas slurry: synthesis routes, composite performance, and adsorption mechanisms","volume":"324","author":"Bian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125390","article-title":"Silicate-modified oiltea camellia shell-derived biochar: a novel and cost-effective sorbent for cadmium removal","volume":"281","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202200373","article-title":"Trends in layered double hydroxides-based advanced nanocomposites: recent progress and latest advancements","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-015-0720-4","article-title":"Microalgal industry in China: challenges and prospects","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135545","article-title":"Isotherm models for adsorption of heavy metals from water - A review","volume":"307","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2024.105667","article-title":"Heavy metals immobilization of LDH@biochar-containing cementitious materials: effectiveness and mechanisms","volume":"152","author":"Chi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2022.2070402","article-title":"Comprehensive understanding of guest compound intercalated layered double hydroxides: design and applications in removal of potentially toxic elements","volume":"53","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-024-00344-z","article-title":"Enhanced passivation of thallium, vanadium and arsenic in contaminated soils: critical role of Fe\u2013Mn-biochar","volume":"6","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-023-00253-7","article-title":"Geo-environmental and mechanical behaviors of As(V) and Cd(II) co-contaminated soils stabilized by goethite nanoparticles modified biochar","volume":"5","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166790","article-title":"Influence mechanisms of different stalks on iron species type of magnetic biochar prepared from Fe2O3","volume":"903","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115087","article-title":"Immobilization of Hg(II) on high-salinity Spirulina residue-induced biochar from aqueous solutions: sorption and transformation mechanisms by the dual-mode isotherms","volume":"265","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2016.04.008","article-title":"Effective treatment of arsenic-bearing water by a layered double metal hydroxide: iowaite","volume":"77","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133407","article-title":"Biochar promotes arsenic (As) immobilization in contaminated soils and alleviates the As-toxicity in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)","volume":"292","author":"Hakeem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/107\/1\/012025","article-title":"Effect of reaction time and (Ca+Mg)\/Al molar ratios on crystallinity of Ca-Mg-Al layered double hydroxide","volume":"107","author":"Heraldy","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133583","article-title":"Effectiveness and mechanism for the simultaneous adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II) and As(III) by animal-derived biochar\/ferrihydrite composite","volume":"293","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr5214","article-title":"Global soil pollution by toxic metals threatens agriculture and human health","volume":"388","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2017.08.006","article-title":"Effects of biomass pre-pyrolysis and pyrolysis temperature on magnetic biochar properties","volume":"127","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0020","article-title":"Comparison of arsenic remediation effects between selenium-rich biochar and selenium-modified biochar","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2015.09.021","article-title":"Simultaneous biosorption of selenium, arsenic and molybdenum with modified algal-based biochars","volume":"165","author":"Johansson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10082-x","article-title":"The sorbed mechanisms of engineering magnetic biochar composites on arsenic in aqueous solution","volume":"27","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.08.088","article-title":"Comparison of sorption and desorption studies of heavy metal ions from biochar and commercial active carbon","volume":"307","author":"Ko\u0142ody\u0144ska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11237-011-9198-6","article-title":"Adsorption hysteresis at low relative pressures","volume":"47","author":"Kutarov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theor. Exp. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118592","article-title":"Synergistic effects of ball-milled biochar-supported exfoliated LDHs on phosphate adsorption: insights into role of fine biochar support","volume":"294","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.05.048","article-title":"Thermogravimetric, thermochemical, and infrared spectral characterization of feedstocks and biochar derived at different pyrolysis temperatures","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171072","article-title":"Mechanisms of arsenic oxidation in the presence of pyrite: an experimental and theoretical study","volume":"921","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125578","article-title":"Efficient removal of arsenic from copper smelting wastewater via a synergy of steel-making slag and KMnO4","volume":"287","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05081-6","article-title":"Adsorption, recovery, and regeneration of Cd by magnetic phosphate nanoparticles","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137467","article-title":"Insights into the heavy metal adsorption and immobilization mechanisms of CaFe-layered double hydroxide corn straw biochar: synthesis and application in a combined heavy metal-contaminated environment","volume":"313","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2022.107389","article-title":"Simultaneous removal of cadmium and lead by biochar modified with layered double hydroxide","volume":"235","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.06.063","article-title":"Arsenic removal in aqueous solution by a novel Fe-Mn modified biochar composite: characterization and mechanism","volume":"144","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-023-06868-7","article-title":"Remediation of As(V) and Cd(II) contamination by a ZVI-biochar: experimental and DFT calculation","volume":"235","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9155","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR01601E","article-title":"Temperature-directed synthesis of N-doped carbon-based nanotubes and nanosheets decorated with Fe (Fe3O4, Fe3C) nanomaterials","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122623","article-title":"Simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and As(III) by graphene-like biochar-supported zero-valent iron from irrigation waters under aerobic conditions: synergistic effects and mechanisms","volume":"395","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.03.108","article-title":"Efficient simultaneous removal of cadmium and arsenic in aqueous solution by titanium-modified ultrasonic biochar","volume":"284","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106641","article-title":"Co-pyrolysis of soybean straw and spirulina platensis for N-containing chemicals and N-doped carbon materials production: unraveling the nitrogen migration mechanism and involved chemical reactions","volume":"181","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120058","article-title":"Magnetic biochar enhanced copper immobilization in agricultural lands: insights from adsorption precipitation and redox","volume":"352","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chnaes.2018.12.002","article-title":"Assessment of heavy metal induced stress responses in pea (Pisum sativum L.)","volume":"39","author":"Majeed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.124732","article-title":"Effect of Fe\u2013N modification on the properties of biochars and their adsorption behavior on tetracycline removal from aqueous solution","volume":"325","author":"Mei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.10.056","article-title":"Biochars derived from wasted marine macro-algae (Saccharina japonica and Sargassum fusiforme) and their potential for heavy metal removal in aqueous solution","volume":"206","author":"Poo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.129205","article-title":"Soil heavy metal pollution and food safety in China: effects, sources and removing technology","volume":"267","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2021.105081","article-title":"Biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for aqueous heavy metal removal: a review","volume":"155","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18624","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05185-z","article-title":"Comparative efficiency of peanut shell and peanut shell biochar for removal of arsenic from water","volume":"26","author":"Sattar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135229","article-title":"The optimum pH and eh for simultaneously minimizing bioavailable cadmium and arsenic contents in soils under the organic fertilizer application","volume":"711","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.171","article-title":"Heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions using engineered magnetic biochars derived from waste marine macro-algal biomass","volume":"615","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2023.2252157","article-title":"The magic of algae-based biochar: advantages, preparation, and applications","volume":"14","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122435","article-title":"Sorption of ionized dyes on high-salinity microalgal residue derived biochar: electron acceptor-donor and metal-organic bridging mechanisms","volume":"393","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0049","first-page":"189","article-title":"Sorption of cadmium onto Mg-Fe layered Double Hydroxide (LDH)-Kiwi branch biochar","volume":"31","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Env. Pollut. Bioavail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36492","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-33375-x","article-title":"A review on sustainable management of biomass: physicochemical modification and its application for the removal of recalcitrant pollutants\u2014Challenges, opportunities, and future directions","volume":"31","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2023.107234","article-title":"Formation pathways of MII\/MIII layered double hydroxides: a review","volume":"248","author":"Tichit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2024.100992","article-title":"Biochar improves Pb and Cd-induced stress in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)","volume":"16","author":"Timori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Challenges"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-022-10560-9","article-title":"Prospective of waste lignocellulosic biomass as precursors for the production of biochar: application, performance, and mechanism\u2014A review","volume":"16","author":"Tyagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioEnergy Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124095","article-title":"Ultrafast sequestration of cadmium and lead from water by manganese oxide supported on a macro-mesoporous biochar","volume":"387","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114157","article-title":"Simultaneous removal of arsenic, cadmium, and lead from soil by iron-modified magnetic biochar","volume":"261","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0056","article-title":"Recent advance of layered double hydroxides materials: structure, properties, synthesis, modification and applications of wastewater treatment","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2021.2003438","article-title":"An application of waste algae biochar in aquaculture water to remove co-existed cadmium and PAHs and the corresponding mechanism","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2017.11.034","article-title":"Biochar\/MnAl-LDH composites for Cu(\u0399\u0399) removal from aqueous solution","volume":"538","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Aspects"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135746","article-title":"Microalgae realizes self N-doped biochar for heavy metal polluted sediment remediation","volume":"479","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.17221\/462\/2023-PSE","article-title":"Co-application of biochar and melatonin enhances pea (Pisum sativum L.) performance and alleviates cadmium contamination stress","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Soil Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.138702","article-title":"Iron-silicon modified biochar for remediation of cadmium\/arsenic co-contaminated paddy fields: is it possible to kill two birds with one stone?","volume":"494","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.122010","article-title":"A novel calcium-based magnetic biochar is effective in stabilization of arsenic and cadmium co-contamination in aerobic soils","volume":"387","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175052","article-title":"The performance and mechanism of sulfidated nano-zero-valent iron for the simultaneous stabilization of arsenic and cadmium","volume":"950","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1080\/01932691.2020.1724799","article-title":"Efficient removal of arsenic(III) from aqueous solutions by new layered hydroxides (Ca\u2013Fe\u2013Cl LDHs)","volume":"42","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dispersion Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.01.217","article-title":"Reclamation of a waste arsenic-bearing gypsum as a soil conditioner via acid treatment and subsequent Fe(II)As stabilization","volume":"217","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130203","article-title":"Iron-modified phosphorus- and silicon-based biochars exhibited various influences on arsenic, cadmium, and lead accumulation in rice and enzyme activities in a paddy soil","volume":"443","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.143199","article-title":"Co-adsorption mechanisms of Cd(II) and As(III) by an Fe-Mn binary oxide biochar in aqueous solution","volume":"466","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2023.04.020","article-title":"Simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and As(V) by ferrihydrite-biochar composite: enhanced effects of As(V) on Cd(II) adsorption","volume":"139","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141399","article-title":"Sorption of cadmium by layered double hydroxides: performance, structure-related mechanisms, and sequestration stability assessment","volume":"352","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.128465","article-title":"The influence of carbonate on the adsorption performance and mechanism of LDHs toward Cd and As","volume":"353","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136914","article-title":"Remediation of cadmium or arsenic contaminated water and soil by modified biochar: a review","volume":"311","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0072","first-page":"60","article-title":"Adsorption of Cd(II) on Zn-Al LDHs (layered double hydroxides) intercalated with chelating agents EDTA","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.228","article-title":"Removal of Cd(II) by modified maifanite coated with Mg-layered double hydroxides in constructed rapid infiltration systems","volume":"685","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.137771","article-title":"Enhanced immobilization of Cd(II) by successive isomorphic substitution with Ca(II) and Mg(II) from ternary layered double hydroxides","volume":"490","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0075","first-page":"755","article-title":"Adsorption antagonism and synergy of arsenate(V) and cadmium(II) onto Fe-modified rice straw biochars","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.112187","article-title":"An efficient and general oxidative magnetization for preparation of versatile magnetic porous biochar at low temperature","volume":"12","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1001074226002676?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1001074226002676?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:16:26Z","timestamp":1790871386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1001074226002676"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["S1001074226002676"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095","relation":{},"ISSN":["1001-0742"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1001-0742","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Valorization of Spirulina residue for magnetic layered double hydroxide functionalized biochar: Synergistic cadmium and arsenic adsorption, mechanism insights, and soil phytotoxicity mitigation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Environmental Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2026.03.095","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}