{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:58:31Z","timestamp":1791817111905,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Equine Veterinary Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T21:21:38Z","timestamp":1644441698000},"page":"103897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Response of the Thoroughbred Forelimb to Perturbations Caused by a Change in Ground Surface"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Alienor L.","family":"Bardin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nila C.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Robert Colborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2005.36471","article-title":"Profiling the New Zealand thoroughbred racing industry. 2. Conditions interfering with training and racing","volume":"53","author":"Perkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"NZ Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctep.2004.04.004","article-title":"Survey of injuries in thoroughbreds at the New York Racing association tracks","volume":"2","author":"Hill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Tech Equine Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12592","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of veterinary events in flat racing thoroughbreds in Great Britain (2000 to 2013)","volume":"49","author":"Rosanowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0004","first-page":"22","article-title":"The use of a racetrack hardness measurement system","volume":"22","author":"Oikawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Equine Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00582.x","article-title":"Dynamic properties of a dirt and a synthetic equine racetrack surface measured by a track-testing device","volume":"45","author":"Setterbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology of racetrack injuries in racehorses","volume":"24","author":"Parkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am: Equine Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2012.12.004","article-title":"The effects of varying cushion depth on dynamic loading in shallow sand thoroughbred horse dirt racetracks","volume":"114","author":"Mahaffey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosyst Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X330347","article-title":"Effect of track maintenance on mechanical properties of a dirt racetrack: a preliminary study","volume":"40","author":"Peterson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00072.x","article-title":"Effect of temperature on race times on a synthetic surface","volume":"42","author":"Peterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.10.1220","article-title":"Hoof accelerations and ground reaction forces of thoroughbred racehorses measured on dirt, synthetic, and turf track surfaces","volume":"70","author":"Setterbo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.06.155","article-title":"Race surface model development in a musculoskeletal modelling environment","volume":"72","author":"Symons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.06.209","article-title":"Modelling the interaction between racehorse limb and race surface","volume":"147","author":"Symons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1585","article-title":"Model formulation and determination of in vitro parameters of a noninvasive method to calculate flexor tendon forces in the equine forelimb","volume":"62","author":"Meershoek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.11.010","article-title":"Sensitivity of an equine distal limb model to perturbations in tendon paths, origins and insertions","volume":"40","author":"Lawson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2003.00206.x","article-title":"Force- and moment-generating capacities of muscles in the distal forelimb of the horse","volume":"203","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.044545","article-title":"Relationship between muscle forces, joint loading and utilization of elastic strain energy in equine locomotion","volume":"213","author":"Harrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1594","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis and application to trotting of a noninvasive method to calculate flexor tendon forces in the equine forelimb","volume":"62","author":"Meershoek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103666","article-title":"Development of an AnyBody musculoskeletal model of the thoroughbred forelimb","volume":"103","author":"Bardin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10113","article-title":"Architectural properties of distal forelimb muscles in horses, Equus caballus","volume":"258","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00669.x","article-title":"Muscle architecture of biceps brachii, triceps brachii and supraspinatus in the horse","volume":"210","author":"Watson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1865196","article-title":"Musculoskeletal modeling and dynamic simulation of the thoroughbred equine forelimb during stance phase of the gallop","volume":"127","author":"Swanstrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00185.x","article-title":"Image fusion of computed tomographic and magnetic resonance images for the development of a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of the equine forelimb","volume":"47","author":"Zarucco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.10.923","article-title":"Elastic properties of collateral and sesamoid ligaments in the forelimbs of equine cadavers","volume":"80","author":"Legg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04875.x","article-title":"Stress and strain of equine tendons of the forelimb at failure","volume":"17","author":"Jansen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.01.012","article-title":"Ultrasonographic characteristics (cross-sectional area and relative echogenicity) of the digital flexor tendons and ligaments of the metacarpal region in purebred Spanish horses","volume":"180","author":"Agut","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00254","article-title":"The effect of gait and digital flexor muscle activation on limb compliance in the forelimb of the horse, Equus caballus","volume":"206","author":"McGuigan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.044545","article-title":"Relationship between muscle forces, joint loading and utilisatino of elastic strain energy in equine locomotion","volume":"213","author":"Harrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2004.08.015","article-title":"Spring-mass running: simple approximate solution and application to gait stability","volume":"232","author":"Geyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Theoret Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2007.11.007","article-title":"Biomechanical and mechanical investigations of the hoof-track interface in racing horses","volume":"24","author":"Thomason","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Clin Equine Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/414895a","article-title":"Horses damp the spring in their step","volume":"414","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2001.tb05350.x","article-title":"In vivo transmission of impact shock waves in the distal forelimb of the horse","volume":"33","author":"Gustas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1017\/S147806150667607X","article-title":"Ground reaction force and hoof deceleration patterns on two different surfaces at the trot","volume":"3","author":"Gustas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Comp Ex Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.2746\/042516406X158341","article-title":"Hoof ground interaction: when biomechanical stimuli challenge the tissues of the distal limb","volume":"38","author":"Johnston","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.191","article-title":"Kinematics and ground reaction forces in horses with superficial digital flexor tendinitis","volume":"61","author":"Clayton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02668","article-title":"Running stability is enhanced by a proximo-distal gradient in joint neuromechanical control","volume":"210","author":"Daley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.005801","article-title":"Unsteady locomotion: Integrating muscle function with whole body dynamics and neuromuscular control","volume":"210","author":"Biewener","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.014357","article-title":"Running on uneven ground: leg adjustment to vertical steps and self-stability","volume":"211","author":"Grimmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90262.2008","article-title":"Rapid motor responses are appropriately tuned to the metrics of a visuospatial task","volume":"100","author":"Pruszynski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms1939.36.121","article-title":"Electromyographic and joint-mechanical studies in quadrupedal locomotion. 3: gallop","volume":"36","author":"Tokuriki","year":"1974","journal-title":"Jap J Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05224.x","article-title":"EMG activity of the muscles of the neck and forelimbs during different forms of locomotion","volume":"30","author":"Tokuriki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.12.2343","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of computer-averaged electromyographic profiles of intrinsic limb muscles in ponies at the walk","volume":"53","author":"Jansen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04496.x","article-title":"Electromyographic activity of the long digital extensor muscle in the exercising thoroughbred horse","volume":"30","author":"Cheung","year":"1998","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"}],"container-title":["Journal of Equine Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0737080622000351?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0737080622000351?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:51:27Z","timestamp":1760032287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0737080622000351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0737080622000351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897","relation":{},"ISSN":["0737-0806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0737-0806","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Response of the Thoroughbred Forelimb to Perturbations Caused by a Change in Ground Surface","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jevs.2022.103897","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103897"}}