{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:20:23Z","timestamp":1791519623451,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Equine Veterinary Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T10:40:52Z","timestamp":1684924852000},"page":"104491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Equine Endocrine Disease: Challenges With Case Definition for Research"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1946-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine M.","family":"McGowan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne L.","family":"Ireland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.11.011","article-title":"Paradigm shifts in understanding equine laminitis","volume":"231","author":"Patterson-Kane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105656","article-title":"Translating research into practice: adoption of endocrine diagnostic testing in cases of equine laminitis","volume":"272","author":"Ireland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103856","article-title":"Approaches to endocrinopathic laminitis in the field: results of a survey of veterinary practitioners in North America","volume":"110","author":"Rumfola","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00578.x","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses","volume":"45","author":"McGowan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13378","article-title":"Equine metabolic syndrome in UK native ponies and cobs is highly prevalent with modifiable risk factors","volume":"53","author":"Carslake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2007.02.001","article-title":"Advantages and limitations of the equine disease, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction as a model of spontaneous dopaminergic neurodegenerative disease","volume":"6","author":"McFarlane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.03.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: a systematic literature review of clinical presentation, disease prevalence and risk factors","volume":"235","author":"Ireland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.07.011","article-title":"Prevalence, survival analysis and multimorbidity of chronic diseases in the general veterinarian-attended horse population of the UK","volume":"131","author":"Welsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15423","article-title":"ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Durham","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00995.x","article-title":"Prevalence of overconditioning in mature horses in southwest Virginia during the summer","volume":"26","author":"Thatcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15782","article-title":"Insulin dysregulation in a population of Finnhorses and associated phenotypic markers of obesity","volume":"34","author":"Box","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0012","first-page":"721","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for hyperinsulinemia in clinically normal horses in central Ohio","volume":"23","author":"Muno","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12056","article-title":"Adiposity, plasma insulin, leptin, lipids, and oxidative stress in mature light breed horses","volume":"27","author":"Pleasant","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12169","article-title":"Insulin dysregulation","volume":"46","author":"Frank","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.10.1538","article-title":"Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies","volume":"228","author":"Treiber","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13572","article-title":"Predictors of laminitis development in a cohort of nonlaminitic ponies","volume":"55","author":"Knowles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12606","article-title":"Prospective cohort study evaluating risk factors for the development of pasture-associated laminitis in the United Kingdom","volume":"49","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2008.12.006","article-title":"Correlation of plasma insulin concentration and laminitis score in a field study of equine Cushing's disease and equine metabolic syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Walsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2011.05.004","article-title":"The prevalence of endocrinopathic laminitis among horses presented for laminitis at a first-opinion\/referral equine hospital","volume":"41","author":"Karikoski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814549212","article-title":"Pathology of natural cases of equine endocrinopathic laminitis associated with hyperinsulinemia","volume":"52","author":"Karikoski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Path"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12963","article-title":"Association between hyperinsulinaemia and laminitis severity at the time of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction diagnosis","volume":"51","author":"Tadros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00111.x","article-title":"Histopathology of insulin-induced laminitis in ponies","volume":"42","author":"Asplin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X475779","article-title":"Equine laminitis: induced by 48h hyperinsulinaemia in Standardbred horses","volume":"42","author":"De Laat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2017.10.008","article-title":"The oral glucose test predicts laminitis risk in ponies fed a diet high in nonstructural carbohydrates","volume":"63","author":"Meier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2018.1482256","article-title":"IFCC Committee on Reference intervals and Decision Limits (C-RIDL). Distinguishing reference intervals and clinical decision limits: a review by the IFCC Committee on Reference Intervals and Decision Limits","volume":"55","author":"Ozarda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0026","series-title":"Defining, establishing, and verifying reference intervals in the clinical laboratory; approved guideline","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00444.x","article-title":"Circannual variation in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in the UK in normal horses and ponies, and those with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction","volume":"44","author":"Copas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16017","article-title":"Clinical implications of using adrenocorticotropic hormone diagnostic cutoffs or reference intervals to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in mature horses","volume":"35","author":"Horn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00575.x","article-title":"Evaluation of basal plasma \u03b1-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentrations for the diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction from a population of aged horses","volume":"45","author":"Mc Gowan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13292","article-title":"Clinically and temporally specific diagnostic thresholds for plasma ACTH in the horse","volume":"53","author":"Durham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_sbref0031","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Diagnostic testing accuracy: sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios. [Updated 2022 March 9]","author":"Shreffler","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0032","series-title":"Clinical epidemiology","first-page":"319","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic tests","author":"Barrett","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105695","article-title":"Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of basal plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentration for diagnosing pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses: a systematic review","volume":"275","author":"Tatum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13500","article-title":"The accuracy of ACTH as a biomarker for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Meyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_sbref0035","series-title":"Schott H recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)","author":"Frank","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_sbref0036","series-title":"Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)","author":"Schott","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0037","unstructured":"Hart K, Durham A, Frank N, McGowan C, Schott H, Stewart A Equine Endocrinology Group (EEG) Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) Available from: https:\/\/sites.tufts.edu\/equineendogroup\/files\/2021\/12\/2021-PPID-Recommendations-V11-wo-insert.pdf [accessed 23.02.23]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0038","first-page":"987","article-title":"Evaluation of the combined dexamethasone suppression\/thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for detection of pars intermedia pituitary adenomas in horses","volume":"20","author":"Frank","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0039","unstructured":"Adams AA, Siard-Altman MH, Reedy SE, Barker D, Elzinga S, Sanz MG, Urschel K, Ireland JL Evaluation of seasonal influences on adrenocorticotropic hormone response to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and its accuracy for diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Vet J under review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2023.105967","article-title":"Equine metabolic syndrome: role of the enteroinsular axis in the insulin response to oral carbohydrate","volume":"294","author":"de Laat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E61","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00362.2015","article-title":"Equine hyperinsulinemia: investigation of the enteroinsular axis during insulin dysregulation","volume":"310","author":"de Laat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2012.07.003","article-title":"Comparison of a 2-step insulin-response test to conventional insulin-sensitivity testing in horses","volume":"44","author":"Bertin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1598","article-title":"Physiologic assessment of blood glucose homeostasis via combined intravenous glucose and insulin testing in horses","volume":"66","author":"Eiler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00645.2007","article-title":"Current approaches for assessing insulin sensitivity and resistance in vivo: advantages, limitations, and appropriate usage","volume":"294","author":"Muniyappa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.10.007","article-title":"Dietary restriction in combination with a nutraceutical supplement for the management of equine metabolic syndrome in horses","volume":"96","author":"McGowan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"S36","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05617.x","article-title":"Glucose dynamics during exercise: dietary energy sources affect minimal model parameters in trained Arabian geldings during endurance exercise","volume":"38","author":"Treiber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2012.07.007","article-title":"Effects of \u03a9-3 (n-3) fatty acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity in horses","volume":"33","author":"Hess","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.105351","article-title":"Comparison of fasted basal insulin with the combined glucose-insulin test in horses and ponies with suspected insulin dysregulation","volume":"252","author":"Olley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0049","unstructured":"Frank N, Bailey S, Bertin F-R, Burns T, de Laat M, Durham A, Kritchevsky J, Menzies-Gow N Equine Endocrinology Group (EEG) Recommendations on diagnosis and management of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS), including assessment of insulin status https:\/\/sites.tufts.edu\/equineendogroup\/files\/2022\/10\/EMS-EEG-Recommendations-2022.pdf [accessed 23.02.23]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16621","article-title":"Carbohydrate pellets to assess insulin dysregulation in horses","volume":"37","author":"de Laat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.03.008","article-title":"Insulinemic and glycemic responses to three forages in ponies","volume":"235","author":"Carslake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12812","article-title":"Effects of age and diet on glucose and insulin dynamics in the horse","volume":"50","author":"Rapson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13934","article-title":"Evaluation of four diagnostic tests for insulin dysregulation in adult light-breed horses","volume":"30","author":"Dunbar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lind\u00e5se S, Nostell K, Bergsten P, Forslund A, Br\u00f6jer J. Evaluation of fasting plasma insulin and proxy measurements to assess insulin sensitivity in horses. BMC Vet Res 2021,17:78.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02781-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13572","article-title":"Predictors of laminitis development in a cohort of nonlaminitic ponies","volume":"55","author":"Knowles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491_bib0056","series-title":"Proceedings of the 5th global equine endocrinology symposium","first-page":"40","article-title":"Comparison of published cut-off values for blood insulin concentrations using a newly developed web app","author":"Delarocque","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Journal of Equine Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0737080623002812?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0737080623002812?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:54:21Z","timestamp":1760032461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0737080623002812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0737080623002812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491","relation":{},"ISSN":["0737-0806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0737-0806","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Equine Endocrine Disease: Challenges With Case Definition for Research","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jevs.2023.104491","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104491"}}