{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T02:32:19Z","timestamp":1762309939824,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007707","name":"University of California, Davis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016749","name":"University of California Davis Center for Equine Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Equine Veterinary Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T15:14:27Z","timestamp":1752592467000},"page":"105652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Evaluating the extent to which ataxia and responsiveness to stimuli reflect the efficacy of xylazine sedation using pharmacokinetics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"152","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6646-9655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elouise K.","family":"Bacon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-0234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie J.","family":"Finno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1503-1419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Callum G.","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Haase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather K.","family":"Knych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9359-6138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon D.","family":"Velie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00784.x","article-title":"The effects of a loading dose followed by constant rate infusion of xylazine compared with romifidine on sedation, ataxia and response to stimuli in horses","volume":"40","author":"Ringer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.1991.tb00511.x","article-title":"A comparison of the sedative effects of medetomidine and xylazine in the horse","volume":"18","author":"Bryant","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Vet Anaesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1992.tb01007.x","article-title":"A comparison of the sedative effects of three \u03b12-adrenoceptor agonists (romifidine, detomidine and xylazine) in the horse","volume":"15","author":"England","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.1991.tb00008.x","article-title":"Sedative and cardiovascular effects of romifidine, alone and in combination with butorphanol, in the horse","volume":"18","author":"Clarke","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Vet Anaesth"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.136.13.324","article-title":"Sedative and analgesic effects of detomidine and romifidine in horses","volume":"136","author":"Hamm","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2018.08.005","article-title":"How to score sedation and adjust the administration rate of sedatives in horses: a literature review and introduction of the Ghent sedation Algorithm","volume":"46","author":"Schauvliege","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2009.00466.x","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of the alpha-2 agonists detomidine, romifidine and xylazine on nociceptive withdrawal reflex and temporal summation in horses","volume":"36","author":"Rohrbach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-135","article-title":"Nociceptive thermal threshold testing in horses - effect of neuroleptic sedation and neuroleptanalgesia at different stimulation sites","volume":"9","author":"Poller","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12354","article-title":"Clinical effects and pharmacokinetic variables of romifidine and the peripheral \u03b1(2) -adrenoceptor antagonist MK-467 in horses","volume":"43","author":"de Vries","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13098","article-title":"A kinematic comparison of the locomotor pattern of horses sedated with detomidine alone and in combination with low doses of butorphanol","volume":"51","author":"Frigerio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103777","article-title":"Kinematic patterns in horses sedated with low doses of detomidine: an accelerometric evaluation","volume":"107","author":"Calvo-Santesmases","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izquierdo-Moreno, J., M.I. de Paz, G. Manso-D\u00edaz, M. Villalba-Orero,J. L\u00f3pez-Sanrom\u00e1n, Correlation between kinematic parameters, ataxia and ground-to-lip distance in detomidine sedated horses. Equine Vet J. n\/a(n\/a) DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evj.14207.","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14207"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200008000-00016","article-title":"The effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans","volume":"93","author":"Ebert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.5.446","article-title":"Relationship between plasma dexmedetomidine concentration and sedation score and thermal threshold in cats","volume":"75","author":"Pypendop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80118-7","article-title":"Alpha2 adrenoceptor agonists in the horse\u2014Areview","volume":"152","author":"England","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br Vet J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benson, G.J., J.C. Thurmon, Intravenous anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine practice, 1990. 6(3): p. 513-528 DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30528-X.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30528-X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geiser, D.R., Chemical restraint and analgesia in the horse. Veterinary Clinics of North America: equine practice, 1990. 6(3): p. 495-512 DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30527-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30527-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1974.164.01.42","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of xylazine as a chemical restraining agent, sedative, and analgesic in horses","volume":"164","author":"Hoffman","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1975.36.10.1421","article-title":"Evaluation of xylazine as a sedative and preanesthetic agent in horses","volume":"36","author":"McCashin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1981.tb00715.x","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of xylazine hydrochloride: an interspecific study","volume":"4","author":"Garcia-Villar","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2047","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of xylazine administered to exercised thoroughbred horses","volume":"9","author":"Knych","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Test Anal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12820","article-title":"Re-evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of xylazine administered to thoroughbred horses","volume":"43","author":"Habershon-Butcher","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"year":"2022","series-title":"The pioneer 100 horse health project: a systems biology approach to equine precision health research","author":"Donnelly","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0023"},{"year":"2023","series-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"Team","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0024"},{"year":"2016","series-title":"ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"Wickham","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0025"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0026","first-page":"69","article-title":"Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research","volume":"24","author":"Mukaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.10.012","article-title":"Gait analysis using 3D accelerometry in horses sedated with xylazine","volume":"193","author":"L\u00f3pez-Sanrom\u00e1n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/76.4.720","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of xylazine and its major metabolite, 2,6-dimethylaniline, in bovine and swine kidney by liquid chromatography","volume":"76","author":"Holland","year":"1993","journal-title":"J AOAC Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2017.02.020","article-title":"The application of learning theory in horse training","volume":"190","author":"McLean","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Animal Behav Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2024.06.011","article-title":"Persistency of horse habituation to distracting sounds","volume":"74","author":"Janicka","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Behavr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1071\/EA9880683","article-title":"Cattle temperaments In extensive beef herds In Northern Queensland 1. Factors affecting temperament","volume":"28","author":"Fordyce","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aus J Exp Agric"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(96)01071-4","article-title":"Effects of observational learning on food selection in horses","volume":"50","author":"Clarke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl Animal Behav Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0033","first-page":"45","article-title":"Animal learning: experience, life modes and cognitive style","volume":"77","author":"Mason","year":"1984","journal-title":"Verh Dtsch Zool Ges"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(01)00177-0","article-title":"Quantifying aspects of young horses\u2019 temperament: consistency of behavioural variables","volume":"74","author":"Visser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl Animal Behav Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2003.08.001","article-title":"Assessment of equine temperament by a questionnaire survey to caretakers and evaluation of its reliability by simultaneous behavior test","volume":"84","author":"Momozawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl Animal Behav Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0036","series-title":"Veterinary anaesthesia","first-page":"247","article-title":"Chapter 11 - anaesthesia of the horse","author":"Hall","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12196","article-title":"Partial intravenous anaesthesia in the horse: a review of intravenous agents used to supplement equine inhalation anaesthesia. Part 2: opioids and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists","volume":"42","author":"Gozalo-Marcilla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652_bib0038","first-page":"29","article-title":"The role of alpha-adrenoceptors in the regulation of vigilance and pain","volume":"82","author":"Stenberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scandinavica. Supplementum"}],"container-title":["Journal of Equine Veterinary Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0737080625003107?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0737080625003107?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T02:30:11Z","timestamp":1762309811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0737080625003107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S0737080625003107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652","relation":{},"ISSN":["0737-0806"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0737-0806"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluating the extent to which ataxia and responsiveness to stimuli reflect the efficacy of xylazine sedation using pharmacokinetics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jevs.2025.105652","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105652"}}