{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T12:48:03Z","timestamp":1784033283427,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,28]],"date-time":"2013-04-28T09:45:37Z","timestamp":1367142337000},"page":"667-672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Review of detection frequency and type of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal compounds analyzed by Istanbul Narcotic Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine, Turkey"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Fatma","family":"Gurdal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmut","family":"Asirdizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rezzan Gulhan","family":"Aker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senol","family":"Korkut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasemin","family":"Gocer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Esra","family":"Kucukibrahimoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Haluk","family":"Ince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.178.2.101","article-title":"Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: a brief review","volume":"178","author":"Ashton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.3.2","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy","volume":"58","author":"Pacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00192.x","article-title":"HU 210: a potent tool for investigations of the cannabinoid system","volume":"7","author":"Ottani","year":"2001","journal-title":"CNS Drug Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib4","unstructured":"Abel EL. Marihuana: the first twelve thousand years. Available: http:\/\/druglibrary.org\/schaffer\/hemp\/history\/first12000\/abel.htm [accessed 04.03.13]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib5","unstructured":"Hall W, Solowij N, Lemon J. The health and psychological consequences of cannabis use \u2013 National Drug Strategy monograph series no. 25. Available: http:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/internet\/main\/publishing.nsf\/Content\/health-pubs-drug-cannab2-ch8.htm [accessed 04.03.13]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.20.040180.001055","article-title":"Potential therapeutic usefulness of marijuana","volume":"20","author":"Lemberger","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01173a023","article-title":"New analogs of tetrahidrocannabinol-XIX","volume":"71","author":"Adams","year":"1949","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Chem Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01062a046","article-title":"Isolation, structure, and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish","volume":"86","author":"Gaoni","year":"1964","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib9","unstructured":"EMCDDA. Understanding the \u2018Spice\u2019 phenomenon. Available: http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/attachements.cfm\/att_80086_EN_Spice%20Thematic%20paper%20%E2%80%94%20final%20version.pdf [accessed 04.03.13]."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.06.002","article-title":"Spice drugs as a new trend: mode of action, identification and legislation","volume":"197","author":"Vardakou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.54.2.161","article-title":"International Union of pharmacology; XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors","volume":"54","author":"Howlett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib12","unstructured":"UNODC. Synthetic cannabinoids in herbal products. Available: http:\/\/www.google.com.tr\/url%3fsa%3dt%26rct%3dj%26q%3dsynthetic%20cannabinoids%20in%20herbal%20products%26source%3dweb%26cd%3d2%26sqi%3d2%26ved%3d0CFkQFjAB%26url%3dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fdocuments%2Fscientific%2FSynthetic_Cannabinoids.pdf%26ei%3dFOO7T8SqLKPe4QTAvvWnCQ%26usg%3dAFQjCNHfl9CuZIWWx-jbSaS8jR4v1lrmYQ [accessed 04.03.13]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib13","unstructured":"ACMD. ACMD report on the major cannabinoid agonist: consideration of major\u00a0cannabinoid agonist. Available: http:\/\/www.drugsandalcohol.ie\/13907\/1\/Home_office_acmd-report-cannabinoid_agonists.pdf [accessed 04.03.13]."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-4743-7","article-title":"Comparison of \u201cherbal highs\u201d composition","volume":"400","author":"Zuba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.06.008","article-title":"Spice: a never ending story?","volume":"191","author":"Lindigkeit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.04.017","article-title":"Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: a review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"39","author":"Seely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib17","first-page":"49","article-title":"Cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids, and psychosis risk: what the evidence says","volume":"10","author":"Pierre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatr"},{"issue":"60","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"The new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs","volume":"5","author":"Fattore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib19","unstructured":"Army Center for Substance Abuse Programs. Spice: herbal incense awareness. Available: http:\/\/redcloud.korea.army.mil\/ASAP-Helpful-Resources\/Downloads\/Spice.pdf [accessed 04.03.13]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib20","series-title":"Spice report","author":"The Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Group","year":"2009"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1021\/ac900564u","article-title":"Investigating a not-so-natural high: researchers identify synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense","volume":"81","author":"Piggee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib22","unstructured":"Rannazzisi JT. Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control United States Senate, \u201cThe Dangers of synthetic cannabinoids and Stimulants\u201d. Available: http:\/\/www.justice.gov\/dea\/pr\/speeches-testimony\/2012-2009\/110412_testimony.pdf [accessed 04.03.13]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib23","unstructured":"Maryland Department of Legislative Services. Fiscal and policy note: public charter schools located on a military base. Available: http:\/\/mgaleg.maryland.gov\/2011rs\/fnotes\/bil_0009\/hb0189.pdf [accessed 04.03.13]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib24","unstructured":"Executive Office of the President, Fact Sheet Office of National Drug Control Policy. Synthetic marijuana. Available: http:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/ondcp\/Blog\/synthetic_marijuana.pdf [accessed 04.03.13]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib25","series-title":"\u00d6rg\u00fctl\u00fc Su\u00e7lar ve Yeni Trendler","first-page":"29","article-title":"Uyu\u015fturucu maddelerde yeni trendler ve erken uyar\u0131 sistemi","author":"Akg\u00fcl","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib26","unstructured":"Presidenza del Consiglio del Ministri, Dipartimento Politiche Antidroga. Report ATTIVIT\u00c0: Il fenomeno dei cannabinoidi sintetici in Italia e le azioni di contrasto e controllo degli smart shop. Available: http:\/\/www.allertadroga.it\/sapd\/upload\/Report_smart_shop_marzo_2011.pdf [accessed 04.03.13]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib27","series-title":"Drug trends in the criminal justice market","author":"Norchem Newsletter","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib28","unstructured":"NMS Labs. Designer drug trends report: synthetic cannabinoids in urine. Available: http:\/\/www.nmslabs.com\/uploads\/PDF\/Designer%20Drug%20Trends%20Report.pdf [accessed 04.03.13]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib29","unstructured":"Health Care Provider Fact Sheet of MDCH Bureau of Disease Control, Prevention & Epidemiology and Children's Hospital of Michigan Poison Control Center. Synthetic marijuana (synthetic cannabinoid homologues). Available: http:\/\/www.childrensdmc.org\/upload\/docs\/Drug%20Abuse\/03-19-12%20Updated_Synthetic%20Marijuana_HCPFactSheet.pdf [accessed 04.03.13]."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib30","first-page":"17","article-title":"I\u00a0cannabinoidi sintetici, una nuova classe di sostanze d\u2019abuso: Problemi e prospettive analitiche","volume":"1","author":"Gattardo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Italian J Addict"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.5.252","article-title":"Use of high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry to detect reported and previously unreported cannabinomimetics in \u201cherbal high\u201d products","volume":"34","author":"Hudson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/10177833.2010.11790683","article-title":"New psycho-active substances: the legal procedure used in European Union Countries and Turkey","volume":"20","author":"Asicioglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib33","series-title":"National report (2010 data) to the EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point: \u201cTurkey\u201d new development, trends and in-depth information on selected issues","author":"Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Interior, Turkish National Police, Anti-Smuggling and Organized Crime Department","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0202-2","article-title":"Here today, gone tomorrow\u2026and back again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines","volume":"8","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X13000930?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X13000930?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:08:07Z","timestamp":1761696487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1752928X13000930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1752928X13000930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-928X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-928X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Review of detection frequency and type of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal compounds analyzed by Istanbul Narcotic Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine, Turkey","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.03.041","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}