{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:54:46Z","timestamp":1784908486083,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,30]],"date-time":"2013-08-30T01:46:24Z","timestamp":1377827184000},"page":"64-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Head and neck injury patterns in fatal falls: Epidemiologic and biomechanical considerations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Leith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.4.362","article-title":"Epidemiology of head injury","volume":"60","author":"Jennett","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v23.i5-6.10","article-title":"Epidemiology, classification, mechanism, and tolerance of human cervical spine injuries","volume":"23","author":"Myers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.12.016","article-title":"Injuries in fatal cases of falls downstairs","volume":"141","author":"Preuss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib4","series-title":"Forensic neuropathology","first-page":"399","article-title":"Physical injury to the nervous system","author":"Leestma","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00725.x","article-title":"Discrimination of falls and blows in blunt head trauma: systematic study of the hat brim line rule in relation to skull fractures","volume":"53","author":"Kremer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01072.x","article-title":"Discrimination of falls and blows in blunt head trauma: assessment of predictability through combined criteria","volume":"54","author":"Kremer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01310.x","article-title":"Discrimination of falls and blows in blunt head trauma: a multi-criteria approach","volume":"55","author":"Guyomarc'h","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199412000-00003","article-title":"The investigation of fatal falls and jumps from heights in Maryland (1987\u20131992)","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2008.02.006","article-title":"Acute death due to hyperextension injury of the cervical spine caused by falling and slipping onto the face","volume":"15","author":"Osawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Leg Med"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.01.010","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of fatal falls","volume":"198","author":"Thierauf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00101-2","article-title":"Biomechanics of the cervical spine 4: major injuries","volume":"17","author":"Cusick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.669","article-title":"Mechanisms of basilar skull fracture","volume":"12","author":"McElhaney","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1389086","article-title":"The influence of surface padding properties on head and neck injury risk","volume":"123","author":"Camacho","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000136441.53868.a4","article-title":"Pathologic features of fatal falls from height","volume":"25","author":"T\u00fcrk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15111J","article-title":"Fatal descent from height in New York City","volume":"46","author":"Gill","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199709000-00006","article-title":"Fatal head injuries in ground-level falls","volume":"18","author":"Hartshorne","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(03)00285-8","article-title":"Fatal falls from heights in and around Diyarbakir, Turkey","volume":"137","author":"Goren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(98)00027-9","article-title":"Fatal falls from a height: the use of mathematical models to estimate the height of fall from the injuries sustained","volume":"93","author":"Lau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2004124","article-title":"Frequency and severity of injuries in correlation with the height of fall","volume":"50","author":"Atanasijevic","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198203000-00008","article-title":"Blunt force lesions related to the heights of a fall","volume":"3","author":"Gupta","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib21","series-title":"Applied logistic regression","author":"Hosmer","year":"2004"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199603000-00013","article-title":"Experimental impact injury to the cervical spine: relating motion of the head and the mechanism of injury","volume":"78","author":"Nightingale","year":"1996","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Am"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X13002187?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X13002187?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:06:15Z","timestamp":1761696375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1752928X13002187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["S1752928X13002187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-928X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-928X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Head and neck injury patterns in fatal falls: Epidemiologic and biomechanical considerations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}