{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T03:29:59Z","timestamp":1782790199287,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,10]],"date-time":"2016-04-10T10:08:46Z","timestamp":1460282926000},"page":"36-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The problem of police-related cardiac arrest"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Steven B.","family":"Karch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib1","first-page":"e28","article-title":"American Heart Association statistics C, stroke statistics S: heart disease and stroke statistics\u20132014 update: a report from the American heart association","volume":"129","author":"Go","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2008.01.028","article-title":"Investigators ROC: resuscitation outcomes consortium (ROC) PRIMED cardiac arrest trial methods part 1: rationale and methodology for the impedance threshold device (ITD) protocol","volume":"78","author":"Aufderheide","year":"2008","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004490","article-title":"Pulseless electric activity: definition, causes, mechanisms, management, and research priorities for the next decade: report from a National Heart, lung, and Blood Institute workshop","volume":"128","author":"Myerburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2012.12.003","article-title":"Scope and nature of sudden cardiac death before age 40 in Ontario: a report from the Cardiac Death Advisory Committee of the office of the chief coroner","volume":"10","author":"Pilmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib5","first-page":"391","article-title":"Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology: guidelines for autopsy investigation of sudden cardiac death","volume":"102","author":"Basso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pathologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2011-200366","article-title":"Approach to the cardiac autopsy","volume":"65","author":"Sheppard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802414568483","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death with stress and restraint: the association with sudden adult death syndrome, cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease","volume":"56","author":"Krexi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib8","series-title":"Arrest-related deaths in the United States, 2003\u20132005","author":"Mumola","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib9","first-page":"68","article-title":"Unexpected arrest-related deaths in America: 12 months of open source surveillance","volume":"10","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib10","series-title":"Contacts between police and the public","first-page":"2005","author":"Durose","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.15406\/frcij.2016.02.00040","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective analysis of the outcomes of violent prone restraint incidents in policing","volume":"2","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Res Criminol Int J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001000","article-title":"Pattern of law-enforcement related injuries in the United States","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2014.12.007","article-title":"Restraint in police use of force events: examining sudden in custody death for prone and not-prone positions","volume":"31","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.05.012","article-title":"Brain biomarkers for identifying excited delirium as a cause of sudden death","volume":"190","author":"Mash","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib15","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine","first-page":"252","article-title":"Asphyxia: pathologic features","author":"Byard","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib16","article-title":"Asphyxial and related deaths. The pathology of trauma","author":"Purdue","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib17","first-page":"161","article-title":"Lagebedingter Erstickungstod \u2013 positionale Asphyxie \u2013 bei polizeilichen Ma\u00dfnahmen","volume":"63","author":"Dettmeyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kriminalistik"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199909000-00016","article-title":"Restraint position and positional asphyxia","volume":"20","author":"Reay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200003000-00007","article-title":"Asphyxial death during prone restraint revisited: a report of 21 cases","volume":"21","author":"O'Halloran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199609000-00025","article-title":"Prone positioning improves pulmonary function in obese patients during general anesthesia","volume":"83","author":"Pelosi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-4043-3","article-title":"Prone positioning and neuromuscular blocking agents are part of standard care in severe ARDS patients: no","volume":"41","author":"Ferguson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib22","article-title":"Prone position for acute respiratory failure in adults","volume":"11","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.01.017","article-title":"Evaluation of the ventilatory effects of the prone maximum restraint (PMR) position on obese human subjects","volume":"237","author":"Sloane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00292.2007","article-title":"Pulmonary perfusion in the prone and supine postures in the normal human lung","volume":"103","author":"Prisk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib25","first-page":"525","article-title":"The effect of simulated restraint in the prone position on cardiorespiratory function following exercise in humans","volume":"30","author":"Cary","year":"1999","journal-title":"Respir Hum Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2009.03.023","article-title":"Absence of electrocardiographic change after prolonged application of a conducted electrical weapon in physically exhausted adults","volume":"41","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199206000-00002","article-title":"Positional asphyxia during law enforcement transport","volume":"13","author":"Reay","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198803000-00005","article-title":"Effects of positional restraint on oxygen saturation and heart rate following exercise","volume":"9","author":"Reay","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199809000-00001","article-title":"Reexamination of custody restraint position and positional asphyxia","volume":"19","author":"Chan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.08.006","article-title":"The effect of the prone maximal restraint position with and without weight force on cardiac output and other hemodynamic measures","volume":"20","author":"Savaser","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00296.x","article-title":"Ventilatory and metabolic demands during aggressive physical restraint in healthy adults","volume":"52","author":"Michalewicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1999.tb00164.x","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis in restraint-associated cardiac arrest: a case series","volume":"6","author":"Hick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib33","first-page":"37","article-title":"Lactic acidosis in restrained cocaine intoxicated patients","volume":"103","author":"Alshayeb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tenn Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2014.06.006","article-title":"Hemodynamic consequences of restraints in the prone position in excited delirium syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Michaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03410180105039","article-title":"Soda pop vending machine injuries","volume":"260","author":"Cosio","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib36","article-title":"Suffer death during struggle in the setting of heterozygosity for a mutation in calsequesterin 2","volume":"1","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib37","series-title":"Firman (Re), 2013 CanLII 69541 (on OCCO)","author":"Coroner's Inquest PoO","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-006-9042-4","article-title":"Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia as a cause of sudden cardiac arrest","volume":"16","author":"Brembilla-Perrot","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Interv Card Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.8.766","article-title":"Accuracy and impact of presumed cause in patients with cardiac arrest","volume":"98","author":"Kurkciyan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(00)70133-8","article-title":"Cardiac arrest witnessed by emergency medical services personnel: descriptive epidemiology, prodromal symptoms, and predictors of survival. OPALS study group","volume":"35","author":"De Maio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.494476","article-title":"Molecular basis of arrhythmias","volume":"112","author":"Shah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000130526.20854.fa","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines and postmyocardial infarction remodeling","volume":"94","author":"Nian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1053\/ajem.2001.22665","article-title":"Factors associated with sudden death of individuals requiring restraint for excited delirium","volume":"19","author":"Stratton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib44","first-page":"203","article-title":"The implications of obesity for cardiac arrhythmia mechanisms and management","volume":"31","author":"Pathak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib45","first-page":"399","article-title":"Effect of weight loss on QT dispersion in obesity","volume":"54","author":"Gupta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib46","first-page":"729515","article-title":"The impact of rapid weight loss on oxidative stress markers and the expression of the metabolic syndrome in obese individuals","volume":"2013","author":"Tumova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13831J","article-title":"Myocardial hypertrophy and coronary artery disease in male cocaine users","volume":"40","author":"Karch","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14464J","article-title":"Methamphetamine-related deaths in San Francisco: demographic, pathologic, and toxicologic profiles","volume":"44","author":"Karch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001878","article-title":"Pathological ventricular remodeling: mechanisms: part 1 of 2","volume":"128","author":"Burchfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001511","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.001511","article-title":"Vulnerable myocardial interstitium in patients with isolated left ventricular hypertrophy and sudden cardiac death: a postmortem histological evaluation","volume":"1","author":"Tamarappoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2014.12.013","article-title":"Cardiovascular consequences of cocaine use","volume":"25","author":"Stankowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(01)00518-1","article-title":"An ion channel 'addicted' to ether, alcohol and cocaine: the HERG potassium channel","volume":"53","author":"Karle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X13666150304001606","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders and TRP channels: focus on psychotropic drugs","volume":"13","author":"Naziroglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13104","article-title":"Methamphetamine acutely inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels but chronically up-regulates L-type channels","volume":"134","author":"Andres","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.115.001263","article-title":"Sudden cardiac arrest and rare genetic variants in the community","volume":"9","author":"Milano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hco.0000221576.33501.83","article-title":"The role of molecular autopsy in unexplained sudden cardiac death","volume":"21","author":"Tester","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-012-0160-8","article-title":"The molecular autopsy: should the evaluation continue after the funeral?","volume":"33","author":"Tester","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X16300105?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X16300105?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:09:55Z","timestamp":1761696595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1752928X16300105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S1752928X16300105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-928X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-928X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The problem of police-related cardiac arrest","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}