{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T22:29:12Z","timestamp":1784759352757,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,27]],"date-time":"2016-11-27T01:16:48Z","timestamp":1480209408000},"page":"47-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Usage of Riot Control Agents and other methods resulting in physical and psychological injuries sustained during civil unrest in Turkey in 2013"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1646-7492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umit","family":"Unuvar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deniz","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilker","family":"Ozyildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erenc Y.","family":"Dokudan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Canan","family":"Korkmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senem","family":"Do\u011fano\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levent","family":"Kutlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebnem Korur","family":"Fincanci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib1","author":"Amnesty International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib2","unstructured":"Amnesty International. reportReport of Gezi Park Protests. Brutal Denial of the Right to Peaceful Assembly in Turkey. http:\/\/amnesty.org.tr\/uploads\/Docs\/gezi-park-protests-brutal-denial-of-right-to-peaceful-assembly-in-turkey794.pdf. (Accessed 01 April 2016)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib3","series-title":"Excessive Use of Force by Law Enforcement Officers to the Peaceful Protest in Turkey","author":"Y\u0131lmaz","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib4","series-title":"A\u00a0Scoping Report. British Institute of International and Comparative Law","author":"Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Turkey","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib5","series-title":"One Year on: Hunting the Protestors Down. Witch Hunt, Impunity of Law Enforcement Officials and a Shrinking Space for Rights and Freedoms","author":"Gezi","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib6","series-title":"State Use of Tear Gas as a Weapon and Attacks on Medical Personnel in Turkey","author":"Dunevant","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5152\/ttd.2013.55","article-title":"Effects of tear gases on the pulmonary system","volume":"14","author":"Arbak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk Toraks Derg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib8","series-title":"Omega Foundation. Crowd Control Technologies (An Appraisal of Technologies for Political Control)","author":"Chambers","year":"2000"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.767","article-title":"Riot control agents: pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry and chemistry","volume":"21","author":"Olajos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Toxicol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430050076030","article-title":"Tear gas: harassing agent or toxic chemical weapon?","volume":"262","author":"Hu","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680309600404","article-title":"Short-term and long-term physical effects of exposure to CS spray","volume":"96","author":"Karagama","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0R Soc Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib12","first-page":"1889","article-title":"The health impact of crowd-control agents","volume":"164","author":"Weir","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14999J","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of capsaicinoids in fresh peppers, Oleoresin Capsicum and pepper spray products","volume":"46","author":"Reilly","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2009.03.008","article-title":"Pepper and capsaicin (Capsicum and piper species)","volume":"55","author":"Barceloux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(02)00015-7","article-title":"Toxic carriers in pepper sprays may cause corneal erosion","volume":"186","author":"Holopainen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol App Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfg044","article-title":"Capsaicinoids cause inflammation and epithelial cell death through activation of vanilloid receptors","volume":"73","author":"Reilly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib17","first-page":"682","article-title":"Tissue distribution & elimination of capsaicin, piperine & curcumin following oral intake in rats","volume":"131","author":"Suresh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.04.005","article-title":"CR, and CS are potent activators of the human TRPA1 receptor","volume":"231","author":"Br\u00f4ne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/03602530600959557","article-title":"Metabolism of capsaicinoids by P450 enzymes: a review of recent findings on reaction mechanisms, bio-activation, and detoxification processes","volume":"38","author":"Reilly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/963638","article-title":"Long term effects of tear gases on respiratory system: analysis of 93 cases","author":"Arbak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200007000-00004","article-title":"Medical hazards of the tear gas CS. A case of persistent, multisystem, hypersensitivity reaction and review of the literature","volume":"79","author":"Hill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.107.019240","article-title":"Vitro hepatic and skin metabolism of capsaicin","volume":"36","author":"Chanda","year":"2008","journal-title":"DMD"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1080\/03602530600959557","article-title":"Metabolism of Capsaicinoids by P450 Enzymes: a review of recent findings on reaction mechanisms. Bio-activation and detoxification processes","volume":"38","author":"Reilly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2165\/00139709-200322020-00005","article-title":"Tear gases and irritant incapacitants. 1-chloroacetophenone, 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile and dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine","volume":"22","author":"Blain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e3182887b3c","article-title":"Demonstration control agents: evaluation of 64 cases after massive use in Istanbul","volume":"34","author":"Unuvar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2003.007518","article-title":"Plastic baton round injuries","volume":"22","author":"Hughes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib27","first-page":"963","article-title":"Ocular injuries caused by plastic bullet shotguns in Switzerland","volume":"35","author":"Sutter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inj Int J Care Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700447","article-title":"Ocular rubber bullet injuries","volume":"17","author":"Lavy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib29","first-page":"73","article-title":"Severe facial rubber bullet injuries: less lethal but extremely harmful weapons","volume":"41","author":"Khonsari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inj Int J Care Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib30","unstructured":"The death of student Victoria Snelgrove. http:\/\/digitalcommons.calpoly.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=7209&context=studentnewspaper. (Accessed 01 April 2016)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(03)00282-2","article-title":"Lethal head injury due to tear-gas cartridge gunshots","volume":"137","author":"Clarot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib32","first-page":"131","article-title":"Circulatory and respiratory effects of capsaicin and resiniferatoxin on Guinea pigs","volume":"26","author":"Porszasz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Hung"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib33","first-page":"413","article-title":"The acute effects of capsaicin on the cardiovascular system","volume":"69","author":"Chahl","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Hung"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.58.4.1080","article-title":"Bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled capsaicin in humans","volume":"58","author":"Fuller","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.5.7513595","article-title":"Capsaicin-induced airway obstruction in tracheally perfused Guinea pig lungs","volume":"149","author":"Lilly","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510050072030","article-title":"Prevention of torture and care of survivor. An integrated approach","volume":"270","author":"Metin","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib37","first-page":"2","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"3","author":"Javidi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib38","first-page":"11","article-title":"Social support, coping and posttraumatic stress symptoms in young refugees","volume":"22","author":"Elklit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Torture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib39","series-title":"WMA Statement on Riot Control Agents. Adopted by the 66th WMA General Assembly","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007_bib40","unstructured":"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision. WHO web site. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/classifications\/icd10\/browse\/2010\/en. (Accessed 29 September 2015)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X16301573?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X16301573?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:10:31Z","timestamp":1761696631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1752928X16301573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S1752928X16301573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-928X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-928X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Usage of Riot Control Agents and other methods resulting in physical and psychological injuries sustained during civil unrest in Turkey in 2013","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.11.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}