{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T18:46:28Z","timestamp":1786992388854,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Ministry of Defense","award":["E\/U2CB\/EA205\/EF553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E\/U2CB\/EA205\/EF553"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T13:00:40Z","timestamp":1518613240000},"page":"65-73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Post-mortem biochemistry of NSE and S100B: A supplemental tool for detecting a lethal traumatic brain injury?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Monique","family":"Sieber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Dre\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Pohlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8277-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Ondruschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(16)30017-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic brain injuries in Europe: a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"1","author":"Majdan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6609a1","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths \u2013 United States, 2007 and 2013","volume":"66","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52892-6.00001-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury","volume":"127","author":"Faul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s004149900126","article-title":"The time course of the vascular response to human brain injury: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"113","author":"Hausmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3524","article-title":"Immunohistochemical investigation of S100 and NSE in cases of traumatic brain injury and its application for survival time determination","volume":"32","author":"Krohn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9916-0","article-title":"Secondary peaks of S100B in serum relate to subsequent radiological pathology in traumatic brain injury","volume":"20","author":"Thelin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.09.008","article-title":"Tau protein (MAPT) as a possible biochemical marker of traumatic brain injury in postmortem examination","volume":"280","author":"Olczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-012-9300-0","article-title":"Pathophysiology of astroglial purinergic signaling","volume":"8","author":"Franke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.13","article-title":"The far-reaching scope of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S1344-6223(03)00077-4","article-title":"Methodical approach to brain hypoxia\/ischemia as a fundamental problem in forensic neuropathology","volume":"5","author":"Oehmichen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2895","article-title":"S100B and NSE as useful postmortem biochemical markers of traumatic brain injury in autopsy cases","volume":"30","author":"Ondruschka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(92)90107-8","article-title":"Efficacy of cerebro-spinal fluid biochemistry in the diagnosis of brain insult","volume":"52","author":"Osuna","year":"1992","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2005.07.004","article-title":"Postmortem serum protein S100B levels with regard to the cause of death involving brain damage in medicolegal autopsy cases","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.02.042","article-title":"Evaluation of postmortem S100B levels in the cerebrospinal fluid with regard to the cause of death in medicolegal autopsy","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.01.048","article-title":"Significance of postmortem biochemistry in determining the cause of death","volume":"11","author":"Maeda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-1175-2","article-title":"The usefulness of S100B, NSE, GFAP, NF-H, secretagogin and Hsp70 as a predictive biomarker of outcome in children with traumatic brain injury","volume":"154","author":"Zurek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib17","article-title":"Biomarkers of brain damage: S100B and NSE concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid \u2013 a normative study","volume":"2015","author":"Hajdokov\u00e1","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1450-y","article-title":"Utility of neuron-specific enolase in traumatic brain injury; relations to S100B levels, outcome, and extracranial injury severity","volume":"20","author":"Thelin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2016.1144410","article-title":"S100B and neuron-specific enolase as mortality predictors in patients with severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"38","author":"Rodr\u00eduez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E142","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7110142","article-title":"Biomarkers associated with the outcome of traumatic brain injury patients","volume":"7","author":"Lorente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4323\/rjlm.2017.301","article-title":"Biochemistry in traumatic brain injury: even useful in postmortem setting","volume":"25","author":"Ondruschka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rom J Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/276834a0","article-title":"Neurone-specific enolase is a molecular marker for peripheral and central neuroendocrine cells","volume":"276","author":"Schmechel","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.05.009","article-title":"Blood biomarkers for brain injury: what are we measuring?","volume":"68","author":"Kawata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib24","first-page":"732","article-title":"Serum neuron-specific enolase as a predictor of short-term outcome in children with closed traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3742-14.2015","article-title":"Biomarkers of traumatic injury are transported from brain to blood via the glymphatic system","volume":"35","author":"Plog","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(19990215)25:4<343::AID-GLIA4>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Strongly compromised inflammatory response to brain injury in interleukin-6-deficient mice","volume":"25","author":"Penkola","year":"1999","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140050273","article-title":"Neuron-specific enolase as an effective immunohistochemical marker for injured axons after fatal brain injury","volume":"113","author":"Ogata","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00194-015-0040-7","article-title":"Wound age estimation after fatal traumatic brain injury","volume":"25","author":"Goede","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rechtsmedizin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib29","first-page":"257","article-title":"Immunohisto-chemical localisation of \u03b3-enolase in normal human tissues other than nervous and neuroendocrine tissues","volume":"52","author":"Haimoto","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000168876.68154.43","article-title":"Nonspecific increase of systemic neuron-specific enolase after trauma: clinical and experimental findings","volume":"24","author":"Pelinka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(01)00046-2","article-title":"S100: a multigenetic family of calcium-modulated proteins of the EF-hand type with intracellular and extracellular functional roles","volume":"33","author":"Donato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21211","article-title":"S100B in neuropathologic states: the CRP of the brain?","volume":"15","author":"Sen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-8-2","article-title":"Evidence for a wide extra-astrocytic distribution of S100B in human brain","volume":"8","author":"Steiner","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50145-4","article-title":"S100 beta stimulates calcium fluxes in glial and neuronal cells","volume":"267","author":"Barger","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(03)00089-3","article-title":"Protein S-100B, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), myelin basic protein (MBP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of neurological patients","volume":"61","author":"Lamers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000120550.00643.DC","article-title":"Glial and neuronal protein in serum predict outcome after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"62","author":"Vos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib37","first-page":"532","article-title":"S-100B protein: an early prognostic marker after cardiac arrest","volume":"17","author":"Wojtczak-Soska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib38","first-page":"5","article-title":"The value of the calcium binding protein S100 in the management of patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"83","author":"Schiavi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Act. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2003.106","article-title":"Measurements of serum S-100B protein: effects of storage time and temperature on pre-analytical stability","volume":"41","author":"Raabe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2005.210","article-title":"Effects of hemolysis and storage condition on neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in cerebrospinal fluid and serum: implications in clinical practice","volume":"43","author":"Ramont","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.7.989","article-title":"Influence of hemolysis on the measurement of S-100beta protein and neuron-specific enolase plasma concentrations during coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"46","author":"Beaudeux","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/026765919701200305","article-title":"Neuron-specific Enolase and Sangtec 100 assays during cardiac surgery: part III. Does haemolysis affect their accuracy?","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132177","article-title":"Comparative assessment of the prognostic value of biomarkers in traumatic brain injury reveals an independent role for serum levels of neurofilament light","volume":"10","author":"Al Nimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.04.005","article-title":"Early CSF and serum S100B concentrations for outcome prediction in traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"145","author":"Kellermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-006-0126-6","article-title":"Neuronal and glial apoptosis in human traumatic brain injury","volume":"121","author":"Dre\u00dfler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2000.17.113","article-title":"Temporal profile of release of neurobiochemical markers of brain damage after traumatic brain injury is associated with intracranial pathology as demonstrated in cranial computerized tomography","volume":"17","author":"Herrmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.1.JNS121181","article-title":"Predictive value of neuromarkers supported by a set of clinical criteria in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: S100B protein and neuron-specific enolase on trial","volume":"118","author":"Wolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.989403","article-title":"Association of ICP, CPP, CT findings and S-100B and NSE in severe traumatic head injury. Prognostic value of the biomarkers","volume":"29","author":"Olivecrona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3087","article-title":"Post-traumatic hypoxia is associated with prolonged cerebral cytokine production, higher serum biomarker levels, and poor outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"31","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9879-1","article-title":"Brain injury biomarkers as outcome predictors in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"20","author":"Daoud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5030","article-title":"Raising the bar for traumatic brain injury biomarker research: methods make a difference","volume":"34","author":"Papa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.10.038","article-title":"Temporally resolved differential proteomic analysis of human ventricular CSF for monitoring traumatic brain injury biomarker candidates","volume":"177","author":"Hanrieder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods."}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X18300325?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X18300325?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:11:41Z","timestamp":1761696701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1752928X18300325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S1752928X18300325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-928X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-928X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Post-mortem biochemistry of NSE and S100B: A supplemental tool for detecting a lethal traumatic brain injury?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}