{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T07:11:32Z","timestamp":1783581092234,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T13:10:35Z","timestamp":1614345035000},"page":"102150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Injury patterns and demographics due to legal intervention seen in US emergency departments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1217-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randall T.","family":"Loder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2000-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"Leiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.8371","article-title":"Violence in the United States. Status, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"314","author":"Sumner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2011.01.017","article-title":"Factors associated with law enforcement\u2013related use-of-force injury","volume":"30","author":"Castillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2006.12.013","article-title":"Frequency of traumatic lesions alleged by victims of assault during police custody","volume":"14","author":"Lorin de la Grandmaison","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.08.031","article-title":"Reported assaults and observed injuries in detainees held in police custody","volume":"223","author":"Gahide","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001783","article-title":"Injuries associated with police use of force","volume":"84","author":"Bozeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.01.003","article-title":"Mental and substance use disorders among legal intervention injury cases in California","volume":"121","author":"Farkas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303575","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in the use of lethal force by US police, 2010-2014","volume":"107","author":"Buehler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00430-0","article-title":"A typology of civilians shot and killed by US police: a latent class analysis of firearm legal intervention homicide in the 2014-2015 National Violent Death Reporting System","volume":"97","author":"Wertz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63073","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-018-0313-z","article-title":"Variation in rates of fatal police shooting across US states: the role of firearm availability","volume":"96","author":"Hemenway","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"1-10","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib10","article-title":"Association of legal intervention injuries with race and ethnicity among patients treated in emergency departments in California","volume":"1","author":"Mooney","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"1-9","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-016-0067-6","article-title":"Risk factors associated with legal interventions","volume":"3","author":"Holloway-Beth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000537","article-title":"The relationship of injury and complaints of police use of excessive force","volume":"41","author":"Strote","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J For Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000418","article-title":"Emergency department documentation of alleged police use of excessive force in cases where formal complaints are ultimately filed","volume":"39","author":"Strote","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J For Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.0574","article-title":"US emergency department encounters for law enforcement-associated injury, 2006-2012","volume":"152","author":"Kaufman","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2016-042023","article-title":"Perils of police action: a cautionary tale from US data sets","volume":"23","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib16","series-title":"Worldwide Variation in Human Growth","author":"Eveleth","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001000","article-title":"Pattern of law enforcement\u2013related injuries in the United States","volume":"80","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001636","article-title":"Injuries sustained during contact with law enforcement: an analysis from US trauma centers","volume":"83","author":"Schellenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6744a3","article-title":"Firearm homicides and suicides in major metropolitan areas - United States, 2012-2013 and 2015-2016","volume":"67","author":"Kegler","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR (Morb Mortal Wkly Rep)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2352(02)00221-0","article-title":"To bite or not to bite: canine apprehensions in a large, suburban police department","volume":"31","author":"Hickey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Crim Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520460031030","article-title":"National estimates of nonfatal firearm-related injuries. Beyond the tip of the iceberg","volume":"273","author":"Annest","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)31112-7","article-title":"Consumer product-related injuries in Athens, Ohio, 1980-1985: Assessment of emergency room-based surveillance","volume":"5","author":"Hopkins","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150_bib23","series-title":"National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X21000354?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X21000354?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:15:46Z","timestamp":1761696946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1752928X21000354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["S1752928X21000354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-928X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-928X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Injury patterns and demographics due to legal intervention seen in US emergency departments","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102150","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102150"}}