{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:20:45Z","timestamp":1783164045202,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T21:28:29Z","timestamp":1694554109000},"page":"102591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The role of paranasal sinus fluid in determining drowning as the cause of death: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3996-8508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Queiroz","family":"da Trindade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0059-2843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Gabriela","family":"Duarte Morais Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2628-5171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00edssa Bastos","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7706-1787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Antonio","family":"Vicentin-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole Prata","family":"Damascena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9559-913X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca Marques","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8779-0727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Ricardo","family":"Martins-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Palhares Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2003.09.003","article-title":"Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: the \u201cUtstein style.\u201d","volume":"59","author":"Idris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2008.01890.x","article-title":"Forensic investigation of submersion deaths","volume":"64","author":"Papadodima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-1037-6","article-title":"Can post-mortem CT reliably distinguish between drowning and non-drowning asphyxiation?","volume":"129","author":"Van Hoyweghen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14111J","article-title":"The diagnostic value of the diatom test for drowning, I. Utility: a retrospective analysis of 771 cases of drowning in Ontario, Canada","volume":"42","author":"Pollanen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-014-0438-4","article-title":"Role of virtopsy in the post-mortem diagnosis of drowning","volume":"120","author":"Lo Re","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2015.08.005","article-title":"Detection of chlorine and bromine in free liquid from the sphenoid sinus as an indicator of seawater drowning","volume":"17","author":"Tanaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.45.8.654","article-title":"Bodies recovered from water: a personal approach and consideration of difficulties","volume":"45","author":"Lawler","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.10.027","article-title":"Drowning: still a difficult autopsy diagnosis","volume":"163","author":"Piette","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-007-0745-4","article-title":"Drowning\u2014post-mortem imaging findings by computed tomography","volume":"18","author":"Christe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-012-0910-y","article-title":"Virtual autopsy using multislice computed tomography in forensic medical diagnosis of drowning","volume":"118","author":"Ambrosetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3909-7","article-title":"Distinction between saltwater drowning and freshwater drowning by assessment of sinus fluid on post-mortem computed tomography","volume":"26","author":"Kawasumi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2013.03.002","article-title":"False-positive diatom test: a real challenge? A post-mortem study using standardized protocols","volume":"15","author":"Lunetta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.106310","article-title":"Drowning and postmortem immersion identification using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","volume":"167","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.06.015","article-title":"Diagnosis of drowning using post-mortem computed tomography based on the volume and density of fluid accumulation in the maxillary and sphenoid sinuses","volume":"82","author":"Kawasumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.01.013","article-title":"Diagnosis of drowning by summation of sodium, potassium, and chloride ion levels in sphenoidal sinus fluid: differentiating between freshwater and seawater drowning and its application to brackish water and bathtub deaths","volume":"284","author":"Yajima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib17","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"29","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in Epidemiology: a proposal for reporting","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135","article-title":"Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and\/or interquartile range","volume":"14","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-13","article-title":"Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample","volume":"5","author":"Hozo","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib21","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-015-0004-8","article-title":"Quantifying the risk of error when interpreting funnel plots","volume":"4","author":"Simmonds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.11.030","article-title":"Postmortem computed tomography findings in cases of bath-related death: applicability and limitation in forensic practice","volume":"282","author":"Mishima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.05.013","article-title":"Bathtub drowning: an 11-year retrospective study in the state of Maryland","volume":"253","author":"Okuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.01.008","article-title":"Post-mortem evaluation of drowning with whole body CT","volume":"249","author":"Plaetsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-012-9397-z","article-title":"Svechnikov's sign as an indicator of drowning in immersed bodies changed by decomposition: an autopsy study","volume":"9","author":"Zivkovi\u0107","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib28","first-page":"215","article-title":"Application of maxillary sinus effusion detection in diagnosis of drowning","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.02.017","article-title":"Diagnosis of drowning: electrolytes and total protein in sphenoid sinus liquid","volume":"273","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib30","first-page":"53","article-title":"Virtual autopsy morphological features of drowning","volume":"38","author":"Jian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.08.011","article-title":"Assessment of the relationship between drowning and fluid accumulation in the paranasal sinuses on post-mortem computed tomography","volume":"81","author":"Kawasumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2433061009","article-title":"Virtual autopsy: two- and three-dimensional multidetector CT findings in drowning with autopsy comparison 1","volume":"243","author":"Levy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jofri.2015.02.003","article-title":"Exact volumetric determination of fluid in the paranasal sinuses after drowning","volume":"3","author":"Lundemose","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Forensic Radiol. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.04.007","article-title":"Contribution to the determination of the place of death by drowning \u2013 a study of diatoms' biodiversity in Douro river estuary","volume":"41","author":"Coelho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Forensic Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.08.023","article-title":"Diatomological investigation in sphenoid sinus fluid and lung tissue from cases of suspected drowning","volume":"244","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13455","article-title":"The diagnostic value of quantitative assessment of diatom test for drowning: an analysis of 128 water-related death cases using microwave digestion-vacuum filtration-automated scanning electron microscopy","volume":"62","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2023.111644","article-title":"The possibilities and limitations of comparative diatomaceous analysis for confirming or excluding the site of an incident \u2013 case studies","volume":"346","author":"Bogusz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-016-1359-7","article-title":"PCR-based identification of drowning: four case reports","volume":"130","author":"R\u00e1cz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2019.06.003","article-title":"The persistent problem of drowning - a difficult diagnosis with inconclusive tests","volume":"66","author":"Stephenson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Forensic Leg. Med."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.05.005","article-title":"Detection of diatom in formalin-fixed tissue by proteinase K digestion","volume":"190","author":"Takeichi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X23001099?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X23001099?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:17:53Z","timestamp":1761697073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1752928X23001099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S1752928X23001099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-928X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-928X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of paranasal sinus fluid in determining drowning as the cause of death: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2023.102591","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102591"}}