{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T06:09:06Z","timestamp":1780380546244,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T02:16:19Z","timestamp":1715220979000},"page":"102689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Bite marks: To opine or not to opine?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Nittis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bassed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.033","article-title":"The barriers to achieving an evidence base for bitemark analysis","volume":"159","author":"Pretty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000392","article-title":"Epidermis and Enamel \u2013 insights into gnawing criticisms of human bitemark evidence","volume":"39","author":"Barsley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/jlb\/lsx026","article-title":"Bite mark evidence: bite mark analysis is not the same as bite mark comparison or matching or identification","volume":"4","author":"Souviron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Law and the Biosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib4","author":"Lee Myers"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/00258172221089998","article-title":"Forensic dentistry and why not bite marks?","volume":"91","author":"Colonel Hardy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Leg J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib6","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"4","year":"2011"},{"issue":"no.1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00618.x","article-title":"An integrated technique for the analysis of skin bite marks","volume":"53","author":"Bernitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib9","series-title":"ABFO Bitemark Methodology Standards and Guidelines","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib10","unstructured":"Cambridge English Dictionary. https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/bite Accessed 24\/April\/2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib11","series-title":"Chapter 4: Injury Assessment, Documentation, and Interpretation","first-page":"181","article-title":"Clinical forensic medicine. A physician's guide","author":"Stark","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib12","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"320","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib14","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"55","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib16","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"55","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib17","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"56","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib18","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"56","year":"2011"},{"issue":"No.1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11656J","article-title":"Statistical evidence for the individuality of the human dentition","volume":"29","author":"Rawson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib20","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"56","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib21","article-title":"The recognition & photography of human bite marks","author":"Sheasby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Webinar Faculty Forensic and Legal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib23","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"60","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01394.x","article-title":"Inquiry into the scientific basis for bitemark profiling and arbitrary distortion compensation","volume":"55","author":"Bush","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib25","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"55","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib26","first-page":"p9","article-title":"President's Council of Advisors on science and technology (PCAST)","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Science in Criminal Courts: Ensuring Scientific Validity of Feature-Comparison Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.032","article-title":"Problem-based analysis of bitemark misidentifications: the role of DNA","volume":"159S","author":"Bowers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.032","article-title":"Problem-based analysis of bitemark misidentifications: the role of DNA","volume":"159S","author":"Bowers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib29","series-title":"Forensic Odontology Principles and Practice","author":"Taylor","year":"2016"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib30","article-title":"Forensic odontology, part 4. Human bite marks","volume":"210","author":"Hinchcliffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib31","series-title":"Forensic Odontology Principles and Practice","author":"Taylor","year":"2016"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib34","article-title":"Forensic odontology, part 4. Human bite marks","volume":"210","author":"Hinchcliffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib35","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"57","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib36","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"60","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib37","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"61","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib38","article-title":"Bite-mark and pattern injury analysis: a brief status overview","volume":"43","author":"Golden","year":"2015","journal-title":"CDA Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib39","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"55","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib40","series-title":"Chapter 4: Injury Assessment, Documentation, and Interpretation","first-page":"183","article-title":"Clinical forensic medicine. A physician's guide","author":"Stark","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib41","series-title":"Chapter 4: Injury Assessment, Documentation, and Interpretation","first-page":"183","article-title":"Clinical forensic medicine. A physician's guide","author":"Stark","year":"2020"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.033","article-title":"The barriers to achieving an evidence base for bitemark analysis","volume":"159","author":"Pretty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.08.023","article-title":"Reality bites- A ten-year retrospective analysis of bitemark casework in Australia","author":"Page","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.06.002","article-title":"Inconsistency in opinions of forensic odontologists when considering bite mark evidence","volume":"266","author":"Reesu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/jlb\/lsw045","article-title":"Forensic bitemark identification: weak foundations, exaggerated claims","author":"Saks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Law and Biosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2019.03.006","article-title":"Forenisc odontology in the 21st century \u2013 identifying the opinions of those behind the teaching","volume":"64","author":"Manica","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib48","first-page":"P148","article-title":"President's Council of Advisors on science and technology (PCAST)","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Science in Criminal Courts: Ensuring Scientific Validity of Feature-Comparison Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib49","article-title":"Bite-mark and pattern injury analysis: a brief status overview","volume":"43","author":"Golden","year":"2015","journal-title":"CDA Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcfm.2006.01.012","article-title":"Ring-resolution of bruises \u2013 a little recognised phenomenon","volume":"14","author":"Hunt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12108","article-title":"Expert interpretation of bitemark injuries \u2013 a contemporary qualitative study","volume":"58","author":"Page","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2003154","article-title":"Bite mark or bottle top","volume":"49","author":"James","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib53","article-title":"Forensic odontology, part 4. Human bite marks","volume":"210","author":"Hinchcliffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib54","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"295","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib55","first-page":"329","article-title":"Forensic odontology principles and practice. Wiley blackwell. West sussex","volume":"28","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib56","article-title":"Forensic odontology, part 4. Human bite marks","volume":"210","author":"Hinchcliffe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib57","series-title":"Forensic Odontology Principles and Practice","author":"Taylor","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib58","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"455","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib59","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"132","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib60","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"133","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib61","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"272","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib62","series-title":"Forensic Odontology Principles and Practice","author":"Taylor","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib63","series-title":"Bitemark Evidence \u2013 A Color Atlas and Text","first-page":"320","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib64","unstructured":"Quotes of Famous People. https:\/\/quotepark.com\/quotes\/801434-friedrich-nietzsche-all-things-are-subject-to-interpretation-whicheve\/Accessed 28\/August\/2022."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12108","article-title":"Expert interpretation of bitemark injuries \u2013 a contemporary qualitative study","volume":"58","author":"Page","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689_bib66","series-title":"Chapter 8: Bite Marks","article-title":"Forensic Odontology: principles and practice","author":"Forrest","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X24000519?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X24000519?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T04:05:37Z","timestamp":1715918737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1752928X24000519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["S1752928X24000519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-928X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-928X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bite marks: To opine or not to opine?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102689","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102689"}}