{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T18:45:53Z","timestamp":1786992353773,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T08:10:11Z","timestamp":1737965411000},"page":"102811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Optimizing the detection and characterization of bruises using multispectral imaging"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4881-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah S.","family":"Wilk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richelle J.M.","family":"Hoveling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maud F.A.M.","family":"van Velthoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huub G.T.","family":"Nijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8083-9209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurice C.G.","family":"Aalders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib1","first-page":"285","article-title":"Unusual injury? Recent injury in normal children and children with suspected non-accidental injury","author":"Roberton","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib2","first-page":"433","volume":"vol. 18","author":"Ward","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2008.09.008","article-title":"Bruising as an indicator of child abuse: when should I be concerned?","volume":"18","author":"Maguire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)41804-0","article-title":"Bruises in legal medicine","volume":"232","year":"1938","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.54.5.348","article-title":"Interpreting bruises at necropsy","volume":"54","author":"Vanezis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00194-015-0053-2","article-title":"Examination of invisible injuries","volume":"25","author":"Glauche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rechtsmedizin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-007-9019-3","article-title":"The science behind the quest to determine the age of bruises\u2014a review of the English language literature","volume":"3","author":"Langlois","year":"2007","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(91)90154-B","article-title":"The ageing of bruises: a review and study of the colour changes with time","volume":"50","author":"Langlois","year":"1991","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-015-9660-1","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1 and heme oxygenase-2 expression in bruises","volume":"11","author":"Langlois","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110475","article-title":"Recovery of trace evidence in forensic archaeology and the use of alternate light sources (ALS)","volume":"316","author":"Harte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcfm.2006.02.016","article-title":"The use of an alternative light source to detect semen in clinical forensic medical practice","volume":"13","author":"Lincoln","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Forensic Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2017.04.004","article-title":"The adaptation of a 360\u00b0 camera utilising an alternate light source (ALS) for the detection of biological fluids at crime scenes","volume":"57","author":"Sheppard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1678-3","article-title":"Visualizing old biological traces on different materials without using chemicals","volume":"132","author":"Sterzik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Legal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2020.1718208","article-title":"Comparison of Crime-lite\u00ae 82S, Polilight\u00ae PL400 and Polilight\u00ae PL500 for the detection of semen and saliva stains","volume":"53","author":"Tay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-016-9813-x","article-title":"Validation of ultraviolet, infrared, and narrow band light alternate light sources for detection of bruises in a pigskin model","volume":"12","author":"Olds","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12698","article-title":"Is fluorescence under an alternate light source sufficient to accurately diagnose subclinical bruising?","volume":"60","author":"Lombardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.10.029","article-title":"Is the visibility of standardized inflicted bruises improved by using an alternate (\u2018forensic\u2019) light source?","volume":"294","author":"Nijs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.04.042","article-title":"Alternative light source (polilight) illumination with digital image analysis does not assist in determining the age of bruises","volume":"158","author":"Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-016-9822-9","article-title":"Validation of alternate light sources for detection of bruises in non-embalmed and embalmed cadavers","volume":"13","author":"Olds","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/JFN.0000000000000304","article-title":"Quantifying the degree of bruise visibility observed under white light and an alternate light source","volume":"17","author":"Scafide","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Forensic Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12042","article-title":"Enhancing the visibility of injuries with narrow-banded beams of light within the visible light spectrum","volume":"58","author":"Limmen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/JFN.0b013e31829beb1e","article-title":"Use of an alternative light source to assess strangulation victims","volume":"9","author":"Holbrook","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Forensic Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2019.101893","article-title":"Bruise detection and visibility under alternate light during the first three days post-trauma","volume":"69","author":"Scafide","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Forensic Leg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14294","article-title":"Detection of inflicted bruises by alternate light: results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Scafide","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NAJ.0000944928.99103.45","article-title":"Improving bruise detection in patients with dark skin tone","volume":"123","author":"Benjamin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-024-03262-8","article-title":"Examining the use of alternative light sources in medico-legal assessments of blunt-force trauma: a systematic review","author":"Tyr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14578","article-title":"Bruise dating using deep learning","volume":"66","author":"Tirado","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib28","series-title":"The Detection and Documentation of Bruises Using Alternate Light Source","author":"Tan","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib29","series-title":"Optical-Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated Tissue","author":"Welch","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15481","article-title":"Visibility of inflicted bruises by alternate light: results of a randomized controlled trial","author":"Downing","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Forensic. Scie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20301","article-title":"A novel approach to age determination of traumatic injuries by reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"38","author":"Randeberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20494","article-title":"Skin changes following minor trauma","volume":"39","author":"Randeberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib33","article-title":"Task-based evaluation of fluorescent-guided cancer surgery as a means of identifying optimal imaging agent properties in the context of variability in tumor- and healthy-tissue physiology","volume":"11222","author":"Tichauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE--the Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20301","article-title":"A novel approach to age determination of traumatic injuries by reflectance spectroscopy","volume":"38","author":"Randeberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010302","article-title":"Noninvasive monitoring of dynamical processes in bruised human skin using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and pulsed photothermal radiometry","volume":"21","author":"Marin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201100021","article-title":"Can color inhomogeneity of bruises be used to establish their age?","volume":"4","author":"Stam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib37","first-page":"103","article-title":"Photography of faded or concealed bruises on human skin","volume":"63","author":"Baker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Forensic Ident"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-016-9756-2","article-title":"How useful are ultraviolet, infrared, and narrow band light sources for enhancing occult bruises in cases of assault?","volume":"12","author":"Olds","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X25000125?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X25000125?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T18:05:56Z","timestamp":1744481156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1752928X25000125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S1752928X25000125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-928X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-928X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Optimizing the detection and characterization of bruises using multispectral imaging","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102811","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102811"}}