{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:00:19Z","timestamp":1793131219224,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:20:35Z","timestamp":1741998035000},"page":"102849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Penetration capability of 0.177 (4.5\u00a0mm) air gun pellet and the characteristics of the entrance wound at various impact energies between 3.28 - 15.64\u00a0J on porcine skin. An experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Karola","family":"Petrus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Furkan","family":"Ya\u015fl\u0131o\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktor Soma","family":"Po\u00f3r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Szabi\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e1ndor","family":"Szukits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6153-3260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.86.4.234","article-title":"Air weapon injuries: a serious and persistent problem","volume":"86","author":"Ceylan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2012.11.002","article-title":"A contribution to the discussion on the safety of air weapons","volume":"53","author":"Wightman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-160X-5-3","article-title":"Carotid artery injury from an airgun pellet: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Abad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Head Face Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-6-184","article-title":"Entrapment of an air gun pellet between the thyroid cartilage and the lining mucosa in a patient with a penetrating neck injury: a case report","volume":"6","author":"Hosseini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s41935-023-00332-7","article-title":"Alcohol and fatal penetration of the cranium by an airgun pellet-a case study from Poland","volume":"13","author":"Glowinski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.15562\/bmj.v12i2.4571","article-title":"Penetrating brain injury from an accidental air gun shot: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Maliawan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bali Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2019.06.004","article-title":"Brain death of an infant caused by a penetrating air gun injury","volume":"39","author":"Simon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2021.101203","article-title":"Unintentional penetrating brain injuries caused by air rifles in teenagers: two case report","volume":"25","author":"Rahmatullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.63.e59428","article-title":"Penetrating brain trauma due to air gun shot - a case report","volume":"63","author":"Tsranchev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Med (Plovdiv)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2478\/amma-2023-0013","article-title":"Air guns: an underestimated danger - case presentation, literature review and legal interpretation","volume":"69","author":"Carasca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Marisiensis Seria Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e318221b8a9","article-title":"One-in-a-million shot: a homicidal thoracic air rifle wound, a case report, and a review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Bligh-Glover","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib12","first-page":"132","article-title":"Smiertelny postrza\u0142 z broni pneumatycznej [Fatal airgun shot]","volume":"60","author":"Kedzierski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5811\/cpcem.2019.6.42982","article-title":"Homicide using an air weapon","volume":"22","author":"Mogni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198307000-00004","article-title":"BB and pellet guns--toys or deadly weapons?","volume":"23","author":"Harris","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib15","article-title":"Laparoscopic retrieval of an intra-abdominal air gun pellet","volume":"2015","author":"Oliphant","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2022.102182","article-title":"Forensic assessment of a life-threatening penetrating abdominal air gun injury","volume":"60","author":"Petrus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70155-9","article-title":"Penetrating abdominal air gun injuries: pitfalls in recognition and management","volume":"26","author":"DiGiulio","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib18","series-title":"Handbuch Gerichtliche Medizin","first-page":"600","article-title":"Spezielle schusswaffen","author":"Karger","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib19","series-title":"Wound Ballistics. Basics and Applications","first-page":"190","article-title":"Wound ballistics of bullets and fragments","author":"Kneubuehl","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS10215J","article-title":"Casualty criteria for wounds from firearms with special reference to shot penetration. II","volume":"19","author":"Mattoo","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198106000-00003","article-title":"Penetration and perforation of skin by bullets and missiles. A review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"DiMaio","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS12207J","article-title":"Minimal velocities necessary for perforation of skin by air gun pellets and bullets","volume":"27","author":"DiMaio","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib23","first-page":"13","article-title":"Effectiveness of small calibre ammunition. Proceedings of the symposum on wound ballistics","volume":"489","author":"Sellier","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand Suppl"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199512000-00027","article-title":"Experimental thoracoabdominal airgun wounds in a porcine model","volume":"39","author":"McKenzie","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2004551","article-title":"Skin penetration assessment of less lethal kinetic energy munitions","volume":"50","author":"Bir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib26","article-title":"Air gun wound: bihemispheric penetrating brain injury in a paediatric patient","volume":"5","author":"Wijaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJR Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2022.102353","article-title":"Pellet gun trauma: an unusual and unexpected type of bone lesion","volume":"88","author":"Tambuzzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ballistics examination of air rifle","volume":"64","author":"Bogiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12361","article-title":"Intra- and inter-individual variability in the mechanical properties of the human skin from in vivo measurements on 20 volunteers","volume":"23","author":"Jacquet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib30","series-title":"StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL)","article-title":"Anatomy, skin (integument), epidermis","author":"Yousef","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12094","article-title":"Mechanical properties of human skin in vivo: a comparative evaluation in 300 men and women","volume":"20","author":"Luebberding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1982.tb01289.x","article-title":"Age-associated changes in the skin","volume":"30","author":"Gilchrest","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ari Putra BB, Jola R, E.Bimo Ah, Djoko L, Benjamin CT. Anatomical pathology and radiology appearance of ballistic wound result of cal .177 air rifle with 4.5 mm pellets on extremity of the dog (canis lupus familiaris) at different shooting distances. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference Postgraduate School Universitas Airlangga: \u201cImplementation of Climate Change Agreement to Meet Sustainable Development Goals\u201d (ICPSUAS 2017). Atlantis Press, pp. 29-32. doi:10.2991\/icpsuas-17.2018.7.","DOI":"10.2991\/icpsuas-17.2018.7"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib34","first-page":"21","article-title":"Influence of the projectile type on the energy density. Examination of airguns","volume":"22","author":"Fu-Jen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forensic Sci J"},{"issue":"1591","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib35","first-page":"55","article-title":"Children's toys no longer: a porcine model study of the lethality of modern air rifles","volume":"137","author":"Peek","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.10.039","article-title":"The interaction between clothing and air weapon pellets","volume":"246","author":"Wightman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.03.025","article-title":"An investigation into the behaviour of air rifle pellets in ballistic gel and their interaction with bone","volume":"200","author":"Wightman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X25000502?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X25000502?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,12]],"date-time":"2025-04-12T23:26:04Z","timestamp":1744500364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1752928X25000502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S1752928X25000502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-928X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-928X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Penetration capability of 0.177 (4.5\u00a0mm) air gun pellet and the characteristics of the entrance wound at various impact energies between 3.28 - 15.64\u00a0J on porcine skin. An experimental study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102849","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102849"}}