{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T11:42:29Z","timestamp":1756381349141,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T11:58:39Z","timestamp":1749470319000},"page":"102910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Computational modeling of blunt force trauma to the atlanto-occipital joint: Implications for Forensic Pathology"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bourantanis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1378-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Katsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Samolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8720-9960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Vlachodimitropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Troupis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4257-2555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanouil I.","family":"Sakelliadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weijie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib1","unstructured":"Clark JG, Abdullah KG, Mroz TE, Steinmetz MP, editors. Biomechanics of the Craniovertebral Junction2011."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(00)00034-6","article-title":"Biomechanics of the cervical spine. I: normal kinematics","volume":"15","author":"Bogduk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A2","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000365830.10052.87","article-title":"Anatomic and biomechanical considerations of the craniovertebral junction","volume":"66","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.1.SPINE10612","article-title":"Ligaments of the craniocervical junction","volume":"14","author":"Tubbs","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e318174f0e2","article-title":"Vertebral artery rupture in a sudden death case after mild trauma","volume":"29","author":"Ikegaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i2.236","article-title":"Atlanto-occipital dislocation","volume":"6","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Orthoped"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib7","first-page":"93","article-title":"A review of neck injury and protection in vehicle accidents","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transport Safety and Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.021295","article-title":"No holds barred sport fighting: a 10 year review of mixed martial arts competition","volume":"40","author":"Buse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib9","article-title":"Closed internal decapitation: a rare injury","volume":"16","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can anyone survive? The Spine Journal"},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib10","first-page":"835","article-title":"Boxing-acute complications and late sequelae: from concussion to dementia","volume":"107","author":"F\u00f6rstl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Deutsches Arzteblatt international"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.14444\/8095","article-title":"Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation\u2014a comprehensive analysis of all case series found in the spinal trauma literature","volume":"15","author":"Joaquim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181e5e2cd","article-title":"Mortality resulting from head injury in professional boxing","volume":"67","author":"Baird","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kranioti EF, editor Forensic Investigation of Cranial Injuries Due to Blunt Force Trauma: Current Best Practice2015.","DOI":"10.2147\/RRFMS.S70423"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895703","article-title":"Dynamic response of the human head to impact by three-dimensional finite element analysis","volume":"116","author":"Ruan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2012.09.010","article-title":"Assessment of remeshing and remapping strategies for large deformation elastoplastic Finite Element analysis","volume":"114","author":"Vavourakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput Struct"},{"year":"2021","series-title":"Development of a Lower Limb Finite Element Musculoskeletal Gait Simulation Framework Driven Solely by Inertial Measurement Unit Sensors","author":"Wang","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib16"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031007","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4048644","article-title":"Assessment of thorax finite element model response for behind armor blunt trauma impact loading using an epidemiological database","volume":"143","author":"Cronin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"year":"1992","series-title":"Biomechanics \u2014 Structures and Systems: A Practical Approach","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib18"},{"year":"2025","series-title":"Biomechanics of Ancient Combat Sports: Forensic Applications and Historical Perspectives","author":"Bourantanis","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib19"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2011.00005","article-title":"Muscle Co-contraction modulates damping and joint stability in a three-link biomechanical limb","volume":"5","author":"Heitmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Neurorob"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib21","series-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers","article-title":"Heads up!: biomechanical modeling and neuromuscular control of the neck","author":"Lee","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1006571","article-title":"Validate the force-velocity relation of the Hill's muscle model from a molecular perspective","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib23","first-page":"9","article-title":"Role of biomechanics in the understanding of normal, injured, and healing ligaments and tendons","volume":"1","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol : SMARTT."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1139\/h11-137","article-title":"The effects of acute alcohol consumption and eccentric muscle damage on neuromuscular function","volume":"37","author":"Barnes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib25","first-page":"429","article-title":"Ethanol forensic Toxicology","volume":"45","author":"Perry","year":"2017","journal-title":"The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib26","article-title":"Biomechanical response of lumbar facet joints under follower preload: a finite element study","volume":"17","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Muscoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508324969","article-title":"Medial collateral ligament injuries and subsequent load on the anterior cruciate ligament","volume":"37","author":"Battaglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib28","first-page":"275","article-title":"The menstrual cycle, sex hormones, and anterior cruciate ligament injury","volume":"37","author":"Slauterbeck","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib29","unstructured":"Lee CK, editor Postmortem Examination2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.09.004","article-title":"The perivascular environment along the vertebral artery governs segment-specific structural and mechanical properties","volume":"45","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X11311050002","article-title":"Role of presynaptic glutamate receptors in pain transmission at the spinal cord level","volume":"11","author":"Bardoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2017.01.049","article-title":"Cervical spine imaging for young children with inflicted trauma: expanding the injury pattern","volume":"52","author":"Baerg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/1353-1131(94)90080-9","article-title":"Assault and homicide by chop blows: a series of 11 cases","volume":"1","author":"Missliwetz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Forensic Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.12.009","article-title":"Post-mortem CT evaluation of atlanto-occipital dissociation","volume":"46","author":"Madadin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of forensic and legal medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.09.003","article-title":"Human cervical spine ligaments exhibit fully nonlinear viscoelastic behavior","volume":"7","author":"Troyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.12.SPINE09671","article-title":"Ligament of Barkow of the craniocervical junction: its anatomy and potential clinical and functional significance","volume":"12","author":"Tubbs","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib37","first-page":"2852","volume":"107","author":"Yoganandan","year":"1998"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.029","article-title":"Physical properties of the human head: mass, center of gravity and moment of inertia","volume":"42","author":"Yoganandan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00306","article-title":"Exhaustion of skeletal muscle fibers within seconds: incorporating phosphate kinetics into a hill-type model","volume":"11","author":"Rockenfeller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11044-022-09819-y","article-title":"Comparison of several muscle modeling alternatives for computationally intensive algorithms in human motion dynamics","volume":"54","author":"Lamas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Multibody Syst Dyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib41","first-page":"283","article-title":"Muscle\u2013spring dynamics in time-limited, elastic movements","author":"Rosario","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4023390","article-title":"Flexing computational muscle: modeling and simulation of musculotendon dynamics","volume":"135","author":"Millard","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.11.019","article-title":"Muscle parameters for musculoskeletal modelling of the human neck","volume":"26","author":"Borst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199802150-00002","article-title":"Influence of muscle morphometry and moment arms on the moment\u2010generating capacity of human neck muscles","volume":"23","author":"Vasavada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199806150-00005","article-title":"Morphometry of human neck muscles","volume":"23","author":"Kamibayashi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X25001118?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X25001118?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T11:08:02Z","timestamp":1756379282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1752928X25001118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S1752928X25001118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-928X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1752-928X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Computational modeling of blunt force trauma to the atlanto-occipital joint: Implications for Forensic Pathology","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102910","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102910"}}