{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:46:00Z","timestamp":1790822760805,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015003","name":"ACT Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015003","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T15:06:23Z","timestamp":1776697583000},"page":"103144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The forensic medical examination findings as they relate to the judicial outcomes in cases of non-fatal strangulation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5274-4915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanita","family":"Parekh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5402-5946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"McMinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3966-6005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Brkic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb","family":"Boxx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8870-6624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Archita","family":"Sreekumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102651","article-title":"Non-fatal strangulation versus general assault in a clinical forensic medicine cohort: characteristics of patient, perpetrator, and presentation","author":"Parekh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Forensic Legal Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.02.065","article-title":"Non-fatal strangulation is an important risk factor for homicide of women","volume":"35","author":"Glass","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102992","article-title":"An analysis of non-fatal strangulation in adult males reporting rape or sexual assault between 2017 and 2024","volume":"116","author":"White","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Forensic Legal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.06.005","article-title":"Non-fatal strangulation in sexual assault: a study of clinical and assault characteristics highlighting the role of intimate partner violence","volume":"43","author":"Zilkens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Forensic Legal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib5","unstructured":"Australian Capital Territory Crimes Act 1900 ss 28(2)(a); 27(1)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib6","volume":"15","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13282","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators of disclosing domestic violence to the healthcare service: a systematic review of qualitative research","volume":"29","author":"Heron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Who reports domestic violence to police? A review of the evidence","volume":"559","author":"Voce","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prosecuting strangulation offences: understanding complainant withdrawal using a social entrapment lens","volume":"31","author":"Douglas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Issues Crim Justice"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/13657127211036175","article-title":"Proving non-fatal strangulation in family violence cases: a case study on the criminalisation of family violence","volume":"25","author":"Douglas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Evid Proof"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib11","first-page":"963","article-title":"Non-fatal strangulation: hidden injuries, hidden risks","volume":"32","author":"de Boos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14958","article-title":"Forensic documentation of non-fatal strangulation","volume":"67","author":"Reckdenwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072077","article-title":"Medical evidence assisting non-fatal strangulation prosecution: a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Sharman","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(01)00399-7","article-title":"A review of 300 attempted strangulation cases. Part I: criminal legal issues","volume":"21","author":"Strack","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2025.102826","article-title":"Informing therapeutic care and legal process in assault cases involving non-fatal strangulation","author":"Parekh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Forensic Legal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib16","series-title":"Policing Domestic Violence: A Review of the Evidence","author":"Dowling","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253980","article-title":"Sexual assault and abuse committed against family members: an analysis of 1342 legal outcomes and their motivations","volume":"16","author":"Blandino","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib18","series-title":"Consult Paper Brisbane: Queensland Law Reform Comm.","first-page":"14","article-title":"Non-fatal strangulation: section 315A review \u2013 a holistic review of the non-fatal strangulation offence","volume":"40","author":"Queensland Law Reform Commission","year":"2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib19","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Improving law enforcement's response to non-fatal strangulation. Policing","volume":"42","author":"Reckdenwald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib20","series-title":"Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 689","article-title":"Police training in responding to family, domestic and sexual violence","author":"Dowling","year":"2024"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1108\/EOR-13-2023-0025","article-title":"The Australian legal response to non-fatal strangulation: policy recommendations","volume":"1","author":"Douglas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerald Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144_bib22","article-title":"Contextual analysis strategy leads to rise in conviction rate for sexual assault cases","volume":"350","author":"Van Dijck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X26000764?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X26000764?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:29:27Z","timestamp":1788535767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1752928X26000764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["S1752928X26000764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-928X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-928X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The forensic medical examination findings as they relate to the judicial outcomes in cases of non-fatal strangulation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103144","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103144"}}