{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T03:18:21Z","timestamp":1783394301195,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:44:35Z","timestamp":1780501475000},"page":"103185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Bitemark analysis using an intraoral 3d scanner (iTero\u00ae): experimental study on human skin"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6730-5933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Beltrame","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9066-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Santelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3305-7110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Giovannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1201-6002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Fais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6085-3249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Verzeletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib1","first-page":"A10220657","article-title":"Skin lesions in 397 children referred for forensic medical examination on suspicion of physical abuse","volume":"70","author":"Frost","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2022.111383","article-title":"Older adult abuse in a service for sexual and domestic violence: medico-legal implications from the experience of an Italian center","volume":"338","author":"Franceschetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib3","series-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect: Diagnosis, Treatment and Evidence","first-page":"579","article-title":"Forensic dentistry","author":"Kennery","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-1109-7","article-title":"The uniqueness of the human dentition as forensic evidence: a systematic review on the technological methodology","volume":"129","author":"Franco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14111180","article-title":"Evaluation of bitemark analysis's potential application in forensic identification: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Christoloukas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.033","article-title":"The barriers to achieving an evidence base for bitemark analysis","volume":"159","author":"Pretty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13700","article-title":"Introducing 3D printed models as demonstrative evidence at criminal trials","volume":"63","author":"Baier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib8","article-title":"3D forensic science: a new field integrating 3D imaging and 3D printing in crime reconstruction","volume":"3","author":"Carew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int: Synergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01915.x","article-title":"The use of a 3-D laser scanner to document ephemeral evidence at crime scenes and postmortem examinations","volume":"57","author":"Komar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.02.017","article-title":"Using structured light three-dimensional surface scanning on living individuals: key considerations and best practice for forensic medicine","volume":"55","author":"Shamata","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Forensic Legal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-021-02667-z","article-title":"A systematic review of 3D scanners and computer assisted analyzes of bite marks: searching for improved analysis methods during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"136","author":"Vilborn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib12","article-title":"Exploring public perceptions of creating and using 3D printed human remains","volume":"7","author":"Carew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int: Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110198","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of bitemarks: a validation study using an intraoral scanner","volume":"309","author":"Fournier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2024.102639","article-title":"Bitemarks and 3D scanner: an objective comparison for bitemarks. A pilot study","volume":"102","author":"Beltrame","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Forensic Legal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib15","first-page":"76","article-title":"Bitemark analysis comparing the use of digital scans and 3D resin casts","volume":"42","author":"Di","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Forensic Odontostomatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70006","article-title":"A mathematical model for scientifically defining the class characteristics of the human anterior maxilla\u2014Part 1: the dental arch","volume":"70","author":"Aschheim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-019-02074-5","article-title":"Pigs vs people: the use of pigs as analogues for humans in forensic entomology and taphonomy research","volume":"134","author":"Matuszewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Leg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00908.x","article-title":"Biomechanical factors in human dermal bitemarks in a cadaver model","volume":"54","author":"Bush","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01076.x","article-title":"Uniqueness of the dentition as impressed in human skin: a cadaver model","volume":"54","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01235.x","article-title":"The response of skin to applied stress: investigation of bitemark distortion in a cadaver model","volume":"55","author":"Bush","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2015.06.007","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of Thiel soft-embalmed human cadavers using shear wave elastography","volume":"202","author":"Joy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib25a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2015.1025842","article-title":"Unpredictable tensile strength biomechanics may limit thawed cadaver use for simulant research","volume":"48","author":"Maiden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib25b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-008-0154-z","article-title":"In situ measurement and modeling of biomechanical response of human cadaveric soft tissues for physics-based surgical simulation","volume":"23","author":"Lim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000392","article-title":"Epidermis and enamel: insights into gnawing criticisms of human bitemark evidence","volume":"39","author":"Barsley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00403.x","article-title":"The uniqueness of the human anterior dentition: a geometric morphometric analysis","volume":"52","author":"Kieser","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2023.07.009","article-title":"Clinical application of 3-dimensional tissue volume assessment using CloudCompare","volume":"61","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112005","article-title":"Cost-effective 3D documentation device in forensic medicine","volume":"357","author":"Sieberth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"}],"container-title":["Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X26001174?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1752928X26001174?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T03:12:14Z","timestamp":1783393934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1752928X26001174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["S1752928X26001174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-928X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-928X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bitemark analysis using an intraoral 3d scanner (iTero\u00ae): experimental study on human skin","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2026.103185","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103185"}}