{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:17:01Z","timestamp":1790792221597,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stammer Trust"},{"name":"Universities of Birmingham, Leicester and Warwick"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fluency Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T17:56:21Z","timestamp":1610042181000},"page":"105827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Do dyslexia and stuttering share a processing deficit?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0540-3998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud M.","family":"Elsherif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda R.","family":"Wheeldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Frisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-009-0075-4","article-title":"Risk factors for stuttering: A secondary analysis of a large data base","volume":"260","author":"Ajdacic-Gross","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198450","article-title":"Subtypes of stuttering determined by latent class analysis in two Swiss epidemiological surveys","volume":"13","author":"Ajdacic-Gross","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2015.05.004","article-title":"Relation of motor, linguistic and temperament factors in epidemiologic subtypes of persistent and recovered stuttering: Initial findings","volume":"45","author":"Ambrose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2010.04.003","article-title":"Relationships among linguistic processing speed, phonological working memory, and attention in children who stutter","volume":"35","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2006.05.001","article-title":"Nonword repetition skills in young children who do and do not stutter","volume":"31","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(94)90009-4","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of stuttering","volume":"27","author":"Ardila","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2001\/006)","article-title":"Concomitant disorders in school-age children who stutter","volume":"32","author":"Arndt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5359.33711","article-title":"Nonword repetition ability of children who do and do not stutter and covert repair hypothesis","volume":"61","author":"Bakhtiar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0045","series-title":"Handedness and developmental disorder","author":"Bishop","year":"1990"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.6.858","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia and specific language impairment: Same or different?","volume":"130","author":"Bishop","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(03)00023-6","article-title":"Co-occurring disorders in children who stutter","volume":"36","author":"Blood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3602.286","article-title":"Differences between stutterers\u2019 and nonstutterers\u2019 short-term recall and recognition performance","volume":"36","author":"Bosshardt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/068)","article-title":"Effects of category and rhyme decisions on sentence production","volume":"45","author":"Bosshardt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2018.08.006","article-title":"Phonological working memory in developmental stuttering: potential insights from the neurobiology of language and cognition","volume":"58","author":"Bowers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.11.001","article-title":"Imbalanced word-reading profiles in eighth-graders","volume":"96","author":"Bowey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"5899","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/301419a0","article-title":"Categorizing sounds and learning to read\u2014A causal connection","volume":"301","author":"Bradley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5334\/pb-51-1-5","article-title":"Combining speed and accuracy in cognitive psychology: Is the inverse efficiency score (IES) a better dependent variable than the mean reaction time (RT) and percentage of errors (PE)?","volume":"51","author":"Bruyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychologica Belgica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-730X(98)00028-X","article-title":"Phonological encoding and word stress in stuttering and nonstuttering subjects","volume":"24","author":"Burger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2007\/006)","article-title":"Phonological priming in young children who stutter: Holistic versus incremental processing","volume":"16","author":"Byrd","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-language Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2015.01.004","article-title":"Nonword repetition and phoneme elision in adults who do and do not stutter: Vocal versus nonvocal performance differences","volume":"44","author":"Byrd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.03.003","article-title":"Nonword repetition and phoneme elision in adults who do and do not stutter","volume":"37","author":"Byrd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.09.067","article-title":"Brain anatomy differences in childhood stuttering","volume":"39","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu400","article-title":"White matter neuroanatomical differences in young children who stutter","volume":"138","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211582","article-title":"Exposure to print and word recognition processes","volume":"28","author":"Chateau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-10-29","article-title":"Stuttering candidate genes DRD2 but not SLC6A3 is associated with developmental dyslexia in Chinese population","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Functions"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-015-0172-5","article-title":"Association study of stuttering candidate genes GNPTAB, GNPTG and NAGPA with dyslexia in Chinese population","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.32598\/JMR.13.4.199","article-title":"Evaluating the word\/non-word repetition in adults with stuttering based on stuttering severity and length of words\/non-words","volume":"13","author":"Choopanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Modern Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23590","article-title":"White matter developmental trajectories associated with persistence and recovery of childhood stuttering","volume":"38","author":"Chow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2015.10.002","article-title":"Phonetic complexity of words immediately following utterance-initial productions in children who stutter","volume":"47","author":"Coalson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188111","article-title":"Nonword repetition in adults who stutter: The effects of stimuli stress and auditory-orthographic cues","volume":"12","author":"Coalson","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/2050571X.2018.1458067","article-title":"Delayed silent phoneme monitoring in adults who do and do not stutter","volume":"23","author":"Coalson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Speech Language and Hearing"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211827","article-title":"Regularity effects in word naming: What are they?","volume":"28","author":"Cortese","year":"2000","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/088)","article-title":"Epidemiology of stuttering in the community across the entire life span","volume":"45","author":"Craig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.82.4.733","article-title":"Assessing print exposure and orthographic processing skill in children: A quick measure of reading experience","volume":"82","author":"Cunningham","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.395","article-title":"Non\u2010word repetition and literacy in Dutch children at\u2010 risk of dyslexia and children with SLI: Results of the follow\u2010up study","volume":"16","author":"de Bree","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0180","series-title":"British picture vocabulary scale II","author":"Dunn","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3_suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1994.79.3f.1611","article-title":"Handedness and dyslexia: A meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Eglinton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0190","series-title":"British Ability Scales second edition (BAS II): Administration and scoring manual","author":"Elliott","year":"1996"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00601","article-title":"Precursors of literacy delay among children at genetic risk of dyslexia","volume":"41","author":"Gallagher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0353","article-title":"Stuttering and labor market outcomes in the United States","volume":"61","author":"Gerlach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-19-00260","article-title":"Neural indices mediating rhyme discrimination differ for some young children who stutter regardless of eventual recovery or persistence","volume":"63","author":"Gerwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-000-0019-1","article-title":"Is dyslexia a form of specific language impairment? A comparison of dyslexic and language impaired children as adolescents","volume":"50","author":"Goulandris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0220","series-title":"Stuttering: An integrated approach to its nature and treatment","author":"Guitar","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.06.001","article-title":"Nonword repetition abilities of children who stutter: An exploratory study","volume":"29","author":"Hakim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.00017","article-title":"Reading and spelling impairments in undergraduate students with developmental dyslexia","volume":"20","author":"Hanley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Reading"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2008.06.001","article-title":"Speeded verbal responding in adults who stutter: Are there deficits in linguistic encoding?","volume":"33","author":"Hennessey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2018.01.001","article-title":"Use of a phoneme monitoring task to examine lexical access in adults who do and do not stutter","volume":"57","author":"Howell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2017.1348528","article-title":"Distinguishing cause from effect\u2013 many deficits associated with developmental dyslexia may be a consequence of reduced and suboptimal reading experience","volume":"33","author":"Huettig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Language, Cognition and Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2013.08.003","article-title":"Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions","volume":"40","author":"Iverach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730X(83)90020-7","article-title":"Reading ability and disfluency in stuttering and nonstuttering elementary school children","volume":"8","author":"Janssen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/13576500143000203","article-title":"Orthographic and phonological priming in the two cerebral hemispheres","volume":"8","author":"Lavidor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.19080\/GJO.2018.17.555972","article-title":"Phonological encoding in children who stutter","volume":"17","author":"Mahesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Journal of Otolaryngology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/165193","article-title":"A comparative study on diadochokinetic skill of dyslexic, stuttering, and normal children","volume":"2013","author":"Malek","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Paediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2010.537715","article-title":"Oral language skills moderate nonword repetition skills in children with dyslexia: A meta-analysis of the role of nonword repetition skills in dyslexia","volume":"16","author":"Melby-Lerv\u00e5g","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026744","article-title":"Phonological skills and their role in learning to read: A meta-analytic review","volume":"138","author":"Melby-Lerv\u00e5g","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/111)","article-title":"Phonological priming in picture naming of young children who stutter","volume":"46","author":"Melnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-015-9124-7","article-title":"Neural systems mediating processing of sound units of language distinguish recovery versus persistence in stuttering","volume":"7","author":"Mohan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021890","article-title":"To read or not to read: A meta-analysis of print exposure from infancy to early adulthood","volume":"137","author":"Mol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0300","series-title":"Learning statistics with R: A tutorial for psychology students and other beginners","author":"Navarro","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1590\/1982-0216201517510214","article-title":"Familial persistent developmental stuttering: Disfluencies and prevalence","volume":"17","author":"Nogueira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista CEFAC"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2011\/09-0102)","article-title":"Language abilities of children who stutter: A meta-analytical review","volume":"20","author":"Ntourou","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-language Pathology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0315","first-page":"562","article-title":"Assessment of working memory in normal children and children who stutter","volume":"6","author":"Oyoun","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of American Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/020)","article-title":"Phonological progress during the first 2 years of stuttering","volume":"45","author":"Paden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4205.1113","article-title":"Early childhood stuttering II: Initial status of phonological abilities","volume":"42","author":"Paden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2016.05.006","article-title":"Phonological memory in young children who stutter","volume":"62","author":"Pelczarski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2013.10.003","article-title":"Phonological encoding of young children who stutter","volume":"39","author":"Pelczarski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025823","article-title":"Individual prediction of dyslexia by single versus multiple deficit models","volume":"121","author":"Pennington","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3404.734","article-title":"A theory of neuropsycholinguistic function in stuttering","volume":"34","author":"Perkins","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2017.1375560","article-title":"Sequential processing deficit as a shared persisting biomarker in dyslexia and childhood apraxia of speech","volume":"32","author":"Peter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60198-6","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia","volume":"379","author":"Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1484","article-title":"The inclusion of students with dyslexia in higher education: A systematic review using narrative synthesis","volume":"20","author":"Pino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0365","series-title":"Retrieved from OpenEd BC Campus","article-title":"Research methods in psychology: 2nd Canadian edition","author":"Price","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0370","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194030360060501","article-title":"Reading comprehension skills of young adults with childhood diagnoses of dyslexia","volume":"36","author":"Ransby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0380","series-title":"Guide to using the standard progressive matrices","author":"Raven","year":"1960"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0385","series-title":"The Routledge companion to dyslexia","author":"Reid","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0390","article-title":"TIWRE: Test of irregular word reading efficiency","author":"Reynolds","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Assessments Resources"},{"issue":"120","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0395","first-page":"1","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: Dysfunction of a left hemisphere reading network","volume":"6","author":"Richlan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20752","article-title":"Functional abnormalities in the dyslexic brain: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"30","author":"Richlan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.040","article-title":"Meta-analyzing brain dysfunctions in dyslexic children and adults","volume":"56","author":"Richlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22127","article-title":"Structural abnormalities in the dyslexic brain: A meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies","volume":"34","author":"Richlan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0415","series-title":"Stuttering severity instrument for children and adults, (SSI-3)","author":"Riley","year":"1994"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.07.008","article-title":"White matter microstructural differences linked to left perisylvian language network in children with dyslexia","volume":"46","author":"Rimrodt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011123406884","article-title":"Serial recall and nonword repetition in reading disabled children","volume":"14","author":"Roodenrys","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.12.004","article-title":"A preliminary investigation of segmentation and rhyme abilities of children who stutter","volume":"38","author":"Sasisekaran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2006.08.001","article-title":"Phoneme monitoring in silent naming and perception in adults who stutter","volume":"31","author":"Sasisekaran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2005.11.005","article-title":"Phonological encoding in the silent speech of persons who stutter","volume":"31","author":"Sasisekaran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)00645-2","article-title":"Phonological recoding and self-teaching: Sine qua non of reading acquisition","volume":"55","author":"Share","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0450","series-title":"DescTools: Tools for descriptive statistics: R package version 0.99.28","author":"Signorell","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617708630","article-title":"Constraints on generality (COG): A proposed addition to all empirical papers","volume":"12","author":"Simons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0343","article-title":"How stuttering develops: The multifactorial dynamic pathways theory","volume":"60","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.06.001","article-title":"Language and motor abilities of preschool children who stutter: Evidence from behavioral and kinematic indices of nonword repetition performance","volume":"37","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0470","series-title":"Dyslexia","author":"Snowling","year":"2000"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000037","article-title":"Oral language deficits in familial dyslexia: A meta- analysis and review","volume":"142","author":"Snowling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2014.06.001","article-title":"Preschool speech articulation and nonword repetition abilities may help predict eventual recovery or persistence of stuttering","volume":"41","author":"Spencer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.2307\/747605","article-title":"Exposure to print and orthographic processing","volume":"24","author":"Stanovich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-730X(02)00144-4","article-title":"The epigenesis of stuttering","volume":"27","author":"Starkweather","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054651","article-title":"Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions","volume":"18","author":"Stroop","year":"1935","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.308","article-title":"Exploring dyslexics\u2019 phonological deficit I: Lexical vs sub-lexical and input vs output processes","volume":"11","author":"Szenkovits","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2020.07.002","article-title":"Creative destruction in science","volume":"161","author":"Tierney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0510","article-title":"A creative destruction approach to replication: Implicit work and sex morality across cultures","author":"Tierney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0515","series-title":"Package \u2018effsize\u2019","author":"Torchiano","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0520","series-title":"TOWRE: Test of word reading efficiency","author":"Torgesen","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0525","first-page":"200","article-title":"Methods of modelling capacity in simple processing systems","volume":"Vol. 3","author":"Townsend","year":"1978"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.04.002","article-title":"A qualitative and quantitative review of diffusion tensor imaging studies in reading and dyslexia","volume":"36","author":"Vandermosten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0323","article-title":"Semantic and phonological encoding in adults who stutter: Silent responses to pictorial stimuli","volume":"60","author":"Vincent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.01.001","article-title":"Phonological priming in adults who stutter","volume":"37","author":"Vincent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.12691\/education-1-1-5","article-title":"Prevalence and gender ratio of dyslexia in Greek adolescents and its association with parental history and brain injury","volume":"1","author":"Vlachos","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0550","series-title":"Comprehensive test of phonological processing: CTOPP. Pro-ed.","author":"Wagner","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0555","series-title":"Seminars in speech and language (Vol. 39, No. 4, p. 299)","article-title":"What are predictors for persistence in childhood stuttering?","author":"Walsh","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm241","article-title":"Structural and functional abnormalities of the motor system in developmental stuttering","volume":"131","author":"Watkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2004\/094)","article-title":"Phonologic processing in adults who stutter","volume":"47","author":"Weber-Fox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0570","series-title":"Tidyverse: Easily install and load \u2018Tidyverse\u2019 packages","author":"Wickham","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0575","series-title":"GSRT: Gray silent reading tests. Pro-ed","author":"Widerholt","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0580","series-title":"EVT-2: Expressive vocabulary test. Pearson assessments","author":"Williams","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(69)90032-X","article-title":"The relationship between stuttering and academic achievement in children","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3605.906","article-title":"Coexistence of stuttering and disordered phonology in young children","volume":"36","author":"Wolk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.04.001","article-title":"Subtyping stuttering I: A review","volume":"32","author":"Yairi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.11.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances","volume":"38","author":"Yairi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106087","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000}}],"container-title":["Journal of Fluency Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094730X20300826?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094730X20300826?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T15:27:08Z","timestamp":1758814028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0094730X20300826"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":120,"alternative-id":["S0094730X20300826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31234\/osf.io\/grb54","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0094-730X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-730X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Do dyslexia and stuttering share a processing deficit?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105827","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2021 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105827"}}