{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T04:04:39Z","timestamp":1794369879920,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008134","name":"California State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008134","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000770","name":"University of Manchester","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000770","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"UK Research and Innovation Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031676","name":"Institute for Mental Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031676","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fluency Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T16:11:47Z","timestamp":1728490307000},"page":"106085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Adult stuttering prevalence I: Systematic review and identification of stuttering in large populations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Max","family":"Gattie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Lieven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Kluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2015.1010583","article-title":"Prevalence of stuttering in primary school children in Cairo-Egypt","volume":"17","author":"Abou Ella","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib2","unstructured":"Add Health (2018) Research Design. Available at \u3008https:\/\/addhealth.cpc.unc.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/docs\/documentations\/2020_Study_Design.pdf\u3009 (accessed August 2023)."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198450","article-title":"Subtypes of stuttering determined by latent class analysis in two Swiss epidemiological surveys","volume":"13","author":"Ajdacic-Gross","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s41252-019-00143-9","article-title":"Hay fever is associated with prevalence, age of onset and persistence of stuttering","volume":"4","author":"Ajdacic-Gross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Neurodev Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-009-0075-4","article-title":"Risk factors for stuttering: a secondary analysis of a large data base","volume":"260","author":"Ajdacic-Gross","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib6","article-title":"Indicators of speech fluency in stuttering and in phonological disorder. [Portuguese, English]","volume":"32","author":"Alencar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Codas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2014.01.004","article-title":"Stuttering in relation to anxiety, temperament, and personality: Review and analysis with focus on causality","volume":"40","author":"Alm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"2020","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib8","article-title":"Streptococcal infection as a major historical cause of stuttering: Data, mechanisms, and current importance","volume":"14","author":"Alm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2020.1735447","article-title":"Amino acids profiles of children who stutter compared to their fluent sibling","volume":"24","author":"Alqhazo","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4204.895","article-title":"Normative disfluency data for early childhood stuttering","volume":"42","author":"Ambrose","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing research: JSLHR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2015.05.004","article-title":"Relation of motor, linguistic and temperament factors in epidemiologic subtypes of persistent and recovered stuttering: Initial findings","volume":"45","author":"Ambrose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib13","series-title":"The Syndrome of Stuttering","article-title":"The Syndrome of Stuttering","author":"Andrews","year":"1964"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib14","first-page":"954","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of stuttering","volume":"41","author":"Ardila","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2018","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2018.01.006","article-title":"High prevalence of pineal cysts in adults who stutter","volume":"Vol.177-178","author":"Arenas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_LSHSS-17-0028","article-title":"Developmental Stuttering in Children Who Are Hard of Hearing","volume":"48","author":"Arenas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and hearing Services in schools"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib17","first-page":"875","article-title":"Drug-induced stuttering: A review of the french pharmacovigilance database. Drug Safety. Conference: 14th ISoP Annual Meeting \"New Ideas in Ancient Cultures: Advancing Pharmacovigilance in Asia","volume":"37","author":"Bene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tianjin China Conference Publication: (var pagings)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00236","article-title":"Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Children and Adolescents Who Stutter: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"65","author":"Bernard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.0301.51","article-title":"A common denominator in twinning and stuttering","volume":"Vol.3","author":"Berry","year":"1938","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib20","article-title":"Bullying in adolescents who stutter Communicative competence and self esteem","author":"Blood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and \u2026"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/1525740108325552","article-title":"Double jeopardy for children who stutter: Race and coexisting disorders","volume":"30","author":"Blood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Communication Disorders Quarterly"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2006.10.005","article-title":"Anxiety levels in adolescents who stutter","volume":"40","author":"Blood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(03)00023-6","article-title":"Co-occurring disorders in children who stutter","volume":"36","author":"Blood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib24","series-title":"Stuttering: A Symposium","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stuttering as an anticipatory struggle reaction","author":"Bloodstein","year":"1959"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20657","article-title":"Social anxiety disorder in adults who stutter","volume":"27","author":"Blumgart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BMJ (2021a) Rapid Response: Re: Covid-19: People are not being warned about pitfalls of mass testing 372 doi: \u3008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n238\u3009 (Published 26 January 2021).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n238"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BMJ (2021b); 373 doi: \u3008https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n1411\u3009 (Published 22 June 2021).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1411"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-00975-3","article-title":"How are systematic reviews of prevalence conducted? A methodological study","volume":"20","author":"Borges Migliavaca","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/063)","article-title":"Identification of children's stuttered and nonstuttered speech by highly experienced judges: binary judgments and comparisons with disfluency-types definitions","volume":"51","author":"Bothe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language & Hearing Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15211","article-title":"Self-reported impact of developmental stuttering across the lifespan","volume":"64","author":"Boyce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2013.08.001","article-title":"Stuttering and work life: An interpretative phenomenological analysis","volume":"38","author":"Bricker-Katz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib32","first-page":"15","article-title":"Older people who stutter: Barriers to communication and perceptions of treatment needs","volume":"45","author":"Bricker-Katz","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication Dis- orders"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0378","article-title":"The coexistence of disabling conditions in children who stutter: Evidence from the national health interview survey","volume":"61","author":"Briley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and hearing research: JSLHR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105820","article-title":"Relationships between stuttering, depression, and suicidal ideation in young adults: Accounting for gender differences","volume":"67","author":"Briley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-021-09811-y","article-title":"Sex differences in childhood stuttering and coexisting developmental disorders","volume":"34","author":"Briley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2013.01.002","article-title":"Stuttering prevalence, incidence and recovery rates depend on how we define it: comment on Yairi & Ambrose\u2019s article Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances","volume":"38","author":"Brocklehurst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib37","unstructured":"Brocklehurst P.H. (2021). \u201cStuttering in Early Childhood\u201d, Chapter 33 in \u201cThe Perfect Stutter\u201d. Amazon (independently published), ASIN\u200f: B095MXQ6ZW."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2006.07.002","article-title":"Comparing judgments of stuttering made by students, clinicians, and highly experienced judges","volume":"31","author":"Brundage","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_AJSLP-21-00107","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the assessments of individuals who stutter across the lifespan","volume":"30","author":"Brundage","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib40","first-page":"67","article-title":"Incidence of functional spasmophemia (stuttering) during rehabilitation of the child with cleft palate","volume":"47","author":"Cabanas Comas","year":"1975","journal-title":"[Spanish] Revista Cubana D\u00e9lel\u0151tt Pediatria"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197811022991808","article-title":"Interpretation by physicians of clinical laboratory results","volume":"299","author":"Casscells","year":"1978","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib42","series-title":"The Palgrave International Handbook of Israel","article-title":"Conscription in Israel","author":"Chakravortty","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib43","series-title":"In Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends","article-title":"So why ask me? Are self-report data really that bad?","author":"Chan","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-020-00481-7","article-title":"Associations between stuttering, comorbid conditions and executive function in children: A population-based study","volume":"8","author":"Choo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2019.105741","article-title":"Bilingual children who stutter: Convergence, gaps and directions for research","volume":"63","author":"Choo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00017","article-title":"Linking lysosomal enzyme targeting genes and energy metabolism with altered gray matter volume in children with persistent stuttering","volume":"1","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2017.06.001","article-title":"Rethinking covert stuttering","volume":"53","author":"Constantino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Fluency Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1503.632","article-title":"Recovery from stuttering in a junior and senior high school population","volume":"15","author":"Cooper","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib49","first-page":"277","article-title":"Clinical and paraclinical aspects of tetany in stuttering","volume":"Vol.21","author":"Costa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Revue Roumaine D\u00e9lel\u0151tt Neurologie et Psychiatrie"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib50","first-page":"156","article-title":"Clinical and paraclinical aspects of tetany in stuttering","volume":"Vol.28","author":"Costa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Activitas Nervosa Superior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2009.05.002","article-title":"The impact of stuttering on the quality of life in adult people who stutter","volume":"34","author":"Craig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/088)","article-title":"Epidemiology of stuttering in the community across the entire life span","volume":"45","author":"Craig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and hearing research: JSLHR"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/093)","article-title":"Anxiety levels in people who stutter: a randomized population study","volume":"46","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Language & Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/14417040500055060","article-title":"The epidemiology of stuttering: The need for reliable estimates of prevalence and anxiety levels over the lifespan","volume":"Vol.7","author":"Craig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Advances in Speech Language Pathology"},{"issue":"522","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2017.1285775","article-title":"Hidden population size estimation from respondent-driven sampling: a network approach","volume":"113","author":"Crawford","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc 2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib56","series-title":"Systematic Reviews. CRD\u2019s Guidance for Undertaking Reviews in Health Care York","article-title":"Systematic Reviews. CRD\u2019s Guidance for Undertaking Reviews in Health Care York","author":"CRD","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2010.05.009","article-title":"Fluency disorders and life quality: Subjective wellbeing vs. health related quality of life","volume":"34","author":"Cummins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib58","first-page":"233","article-title":"Stuttering prevalence among patients at risk for velopharyngeal inadequacy: A preliminary investigation","volume":"24","author":"Dalston","year":"1987","journal-title":"The Cleft Palate Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2022.105925","article-title":"Stuttering, family history and counselling: A contemporary database","volume":"73","author":"Darmody","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/2050571X.2020.1730545","article-title":"Reliability and similarity of the stuttering severity instrument-fourth edition and a global severity rating scale","volume":"24","author":"Davidow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Speech, Language and Hearing"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2006.10.003","article-title":"Anxiety in speakers who persist and recover from stuttering","volume":"40","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.104547","article-title":"Prenatal sex hormones and behavioral outcomes in children","volume":"113","author":"Day","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib63","article-title":"Etiology, symptomatogy, and treatment of neurogenic stuttering","volume":"2007","author":"De Nil","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2014.09.001","article-title":"Health-related quality of life of preschool children who stutter","volume":"42","author":"de Sonneville-Koedoot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib65","first-page":"66","article-title":"Methylphenidate as a treatment for stuttering: A case report","volume":"16","author":"Devroey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib66","first-page":"523","article-title":"Developmental stuttering and comorbid psychiatric disorders in school age children","volume":"21","author":"D\u00f6nmez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turkish] Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2019.02.007","article-title":"The relationship between prenatal testosterone and developmental stuttering in boys","volume":"61","author":"D\u00f6nmez","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib68","series-title":"An investigation of the transition process from covert stuttering to overt stuttering: An interpretive phenomenological analysis of individuals who stutter","article-title":"An investigation of the transition process from covert stuttering to overt stuttering: An interpretive phenomenological analysis of individuals who stutter","author":"Douglass","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.1704.377","article-title":"The differentiation of interiorized and exteriorized secondary stuttering","volume":"17","author":"Douglass","year":"1952","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0161-z","article-title":"Measurement and control of bias in patient reported outcomes using multidimensional item response theory","volume":"16","author":"Dowling","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Medical Research Methodology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1086\/302625","article-title":"The sex ratio in familial persistent stuttering","volume":"65","author":"Drayna","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2007\/021)","article-title":"Genetic etiology in cases of recovered and persistent stuttering in an unselected, longitudinal sample of young twins","volume":"16","author":"Dworzynski","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"Issue 4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/ips\/olz022","article-title":"Enabling militarism? The inclusion of soldiers with disabilities in the Israeli military","volume":"Volume 13","author":"Eastwood","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Political Sociology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25562","article-title":"From psychogenic movement disorder to functional movement disorder: It's time to change the name","volume":"29","author":"Edwards","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105764","article-title":"The recovery rate of early stuttering","volume":"64","author":"Einarsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106058","article-title":"A prospective 14-year follow-up study of the persistence and recovery of stuttering","volume":"80","author":"Einarsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Fluency Disord"},{"issue":"Issue Supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib77","article-title":"Risk factors of stuttering","volume":"Volume 114","author":"El-Ella","year":"2021","journal-title":"QJM: An International Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406915621420","article-title":"Finding the hidden participant: Solutions for recruiting hidden, hard-to-reach, and vulnerable populations","volume":"14","author":"Ellard-Gray","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2013.09.003","article-title":"The social and communication impact of stuttering on adolescents and their families","volume":"38","author":"Erickson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3109\/14015439.2010.534503","article-title":"Heritability and environmental effects for self-reported periods with stuttering: A twin study from Denmark","volume":"36","author":"Fagnani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Logopedics, phoniatrics, vocology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-041715-033428","article-title":"Bayes and the law","volume":"3","author":"Fenton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3906.1171","article-title":"Establishing the validity of recovery from stuttering without formal treatment","volume":"39","author":"Finn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib83","first-page":"e104","article-title":"High association of mood disorders and learning disability among patient with stuttering. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"95","author":"Foo","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2018.09.003","article-title":"Recovery from stuttering in preschool-age children: 9 year outcomes in a clinical population","volume":"58","author":"Franken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02865478","article-title":"\u00dcber inneres Stottern","volume":"151","author":"Freund","year":"1934","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15353","article-title":"The failure rate does not equal the false-negative rate: A call for tailoring diagnostic strategy validation in low prevalence populations","volume":"19","author":"Freund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis: JTH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib87","first-page":"148","article-title":"Pathology and therapy of stuttering","volume":"2","author":"Froeschels","year":"1943","journal-title":"Nervous Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000262627","article-title":"The significance of symptomatology for the understanding of the essence of stuttering","volume":"4","author":"Froeschels","year":"1952","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(83)90083-1","article-title":"Response bias in self-report measures of general health","volume":"4","author":"Furnham","year":"1983","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"Issue 5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1093\/jssam\/smad025","article-title":"Estimating the size of clustered hidden populations","volume":"Volume 11","author":"Gamble","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib91","article-title":"Adult stuttering prevalence II: systematic review and identification of stuttering in large populations","author":"Gattie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0353","article-title":"Stuttering and labor market outcomes in the United States","volume":"61","author":"Gerlach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and hearing research: JSLHR"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0708473","article-title":"Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease","volume":"359","author":"Gluckman","year":"2008","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1717649","article-title":"Strategies used to engage hard-to-reach populations in childhood disability research: a scoping review","volume":"43","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00806.x","article-title":"Stuttering: Incidence and causes","volume":"44","author":"Gordon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"issue":"1955","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib96","first-page":"209","article-title":"The incidence of stuttering in a group of mongoloids","volume":"Vol.51","author":"Gottsleben","year":"1955","journal-title":"Training School Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib97","series-title":"Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment","article-title":"Stuttering: An integrated approach to its nature and treatment","author":"Guitar","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820500126627","article-title":"The need for self\u2010report data in the assessment of stuttering therapy efficacy: Repetitions and prolongations of speech. The stuttering syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Guntupalli","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.2012.00708.x","article-title":"Effect of population stratification on false positive rates of population-based association analyses of quantitative traits","volume":"76","author":"Haldar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of Human Gene"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.05.002","article-title":"Stuttering treatment for a school-age child with Down syndrome: A descriptive case report","volume":"37","author":"Harasym","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib101","article-title":"Is there a link between IBS and stuttering?-preliminary results gastrointestinal manifestation of systemic disease","volume":"31","author":"Hauser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterology and Motility Conference: NeuroGASTRO 2019 Congress Lisbon Portugal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib102","unstructured":"Hayden, J. (2023) \u201cIt's Time to Stop Using 'Did I Stutter?' as an Insult\u201d. The Mighty. Available at \u3008https:\/\/themighty.com\/topic\/stuttering\/did-i-stutter-insult-disability\/\u3009 (accessed August 2023)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730X(94)00007-G","article-title":"Direct comparison of the family history method and the family study method using a large stuttering pedigree","volume":"Vol.20","author":"Hedges","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2016.05.001","article-title":"Stuttering, alcohol consumption and smoking","volume":"48","author":"Heelan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib105","volume":"2022","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2004.00560.x","article-title":"Multiple sudden infant deaths -- coincidence or beyond coincidence?","volume":"18","author":"Hill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.12.003","article-title":"An observational study found large methodological heterogeneity in systematic reviews addressing prevalence and cumulative incidence","volume":"119","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-21-00605","article-title":"Stuttering behavior in a national age cohort of norwegian first-graders with down syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Hokstad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and hearing research: JSLHR"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730X(88)90017-4","article-title":"Concomitant speech, language, and learning problems in adult stutterers and in members of their families","volume":"Vol.13","author":"Homzie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib110","series-title":"Recovery from stuttering","first-page":"390 pp","article-title":"Recovery from stuttering","author":"Howell","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib111","first-page":"307","article-title":"The epidemiology of cluttering with stuttering","volume":"xvii","author":"Howell","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3109\/02699206.2010.538955","article-title":"Comparison of alternative methods for obtaining severity scores of the speech of people who stutter","volume":"25","author":"Howell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Linguistics & phonetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/068)","article-title":"Recovery from early stuttering: additional issues within the Onslow & Packman-Yairi & Ambrose (1999) exchange","volume":"44","author":"Ingham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and hearing research: JSLHR"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730X(92)90009-F","article-title":"Interclinic differences in stuttering-event counts","volume":"17","author":"Ingham","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4003.581","article-title":"Identifying the authoritative judgments of stuttering: comparisons of self-judgments and observer judgments","volume":"40","author":"Ingham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h870","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h870","article-title":"Use of GRADE for assessment of evidence about prognosis: rating confidence in estimates of event rates in broad categories of patients","volume":"350","author":"Iorio","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2009.09.001","article-title":"Screening for personality disorders among adults seeking speech treatment for stuttering","volume":"34","author":"Iverach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2009.12.001","article-title":"The five factor model of personality applied to adults who stutter","volume":"43","author":"Iverach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_AJSLP-16-0033","article-title":"Main- tenance of social anxiety in stuttering: A cognitive-behavioral model","volume":"26","author":"Iverach","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106106","article-title":"Sleep duration, insomnia, and stuttering: The relationship in adolescents and young adults","volume":"91","author":"Jacobs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9516-7","article-title":"The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2010","volume":"25","author":"Jaddoe","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X19004497","article-title":"Newly Recognized Stuttering in Three Young Children Following the Hojedk Earthquake in Iran","volume":"34","author":"Jafari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"},{"issue":"Supplement 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib123","first-page":"S123","article-title":"Comparison of low versus high frequency stimulation on stuttering in Parkinson's disease patients with bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. Movement Disorders","volume":"33","author":"Jitkritsadakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Conference: 22nd International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, MDS 2018. Wanchai Hong Kong"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2012.108","article-title":"The Genetics of Sexuality and Aggression (GSA) twin samples in Finland","volume":"16","author":"Johansson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Twin Research and Human genetics: the Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib125","series-title":"People in Quandaries","article-title":"People in quandaries","author":"Johnson","year":"1946"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780400027779","article-title":"Is it possible for speech therapy to improve upon natural recovery rates in children who stutter?","volume":"40","author":"Kalinowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17795\/mejrh-25314","article-title":"Effects of stuttering on quality of life in adults who stutter","volume":"2","author":"Kasbi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0205","article-title":"The history of stuttering by 7 years of age: follow-up of a prospective community cohort","volume":"60","author":"Kefalianos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and hearing research: JSLHR"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib129","first-page":"982","article-title":"Prevalence of stammering among internally displaced population in North Waziristan Agency","volume":"26","author":"Khatoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = Louisiana Revue D\u00e9lel\u0151tt Sante D\u00e9lel\u0151tt Louisiana Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14405","article-title":"Awareness of stuttering in Japanese children aged 3-7 years","volume":"63","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib131","article-title":"Structural brain differences in pre-adolescents who persist in and recover from stuttering","volume":"27","author":"Koenraads","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib132","series-title":"The differentiation of stutterers into interiorized and exteriorized groups. I.A.L.P. Proceedings Copenhagen 1977","first-page":"137","article-title":"The differentiation of stutterers into interiorized and exteriorized groups. I.A.L.P. Proceedings Copenhagen 1977","author":"Kroll","year":"1978"},{"issue":"1933","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib133","first-page":"429","article-title":"Stammering defects in stuttering school children. [German]","volume":"Vol.41","author":"Lambeck","year":"1933","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Kinderforschung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib134","unstructured":"Law Library of Congress (2019) Israel: Military Draft Law and Enforcement. Global Legal Research Directorate. Available online at \u3008https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/2019713409\/\u3009 (retrieved August 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-014-0173-x","article-title":"A systematic review of the prevalence of Morquio A syndrome: challenges for study reporting in rare diseases","volume":"9","author":"Leadley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-7622-9-9","article-title":"A tutorial in estimating the prevalence of disease in humans and animals in the absence of a gold standard diagnostic","volume":"9","author":"Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Themes Epidemiol"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16143","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113312108","article-title":"Resolving the role of prenatal sex steroids in the development of digit ratio","volume":"108","author":"Manning","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2013.02.001","article-title":"Personality dysfunction in adults who stutter: Another look","volume":"38","author":"Manning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-730X(99)00023-6","article-title":"Childhood stuttering: Incidence and development","volume":"25","author":"M\u00e5nsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib140","article-title":"Incidence of stuttering and other speech disorders among the retarded","volume":"Vol.74","author":"Martyn","year":"1969","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.01.002","article-title":"The impact of adolescent stuttering on educational and employment outcomes: Evidence from a birth cohort study","volume":"37","author":"McAllister","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12021","article-title":"The impact of adolescent stuttering and other speech problems on psychological well-being in adulthood: evidence from a birth cohort study","volume":"48","author":"McAllister","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders \/ Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2023.105972","article-title":"Behavioral and cognitive-affective features of stuttering in preschool-age children: Regression and exploratory cluster analyses","volume":"76","author":"Millager","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"15 SUPPL 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib144","article-title":"Increased prevalence of developmental stuttering across lvPPA, nfvPPA, and CBS spectrum degenerative disorders","volume":"Virtual. 96","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology Conference: 73rd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, AAN 2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1179\/136132810805335001","article-title":"Prevalence of stuttering in kurdish-persian consecutive bilinguals in Iran","volume":"13","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5302.131","article-title":"The prevalence of stuttering in the hearing-impaired school age population","volume":"53","author":"Montgomery","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib147","first-page":"25","article-title":"A ten-year survey of speech disorders among university students","volume":"17","author":"Morley","year":"1952","journal-title":"The Journal of Speech Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","article-title":"Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data","volume":"13","author":"Munn","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2014.71","article-title":"The development of a critical appraisal tool for use in systematic reviews addressing questions of prevalence","volume":"3","author":"Munn","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Policy and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2018.10.001","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology of stuttering among school children in the state of Tamil Nadu, India","volume":"58","author":"Nandhini Devi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2023.105992","article-title":"Developmental stuttering, physical concomitants associated with stuttering, and Tourette syndrome: A scoping review","volume":"77","author":"Nilles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2004\/023)","article-title":"Self-rating of stuttering severity as a clinical tool","volume":"13","author":"O'Brian","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2014.1323617","article-title":"Prevalence of risk factors for stuttering among boys: Analytical cross-sectional study","volume":"132","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Medical Journal = Revista Paulista D\u00e9lel\u0151tt Medicina"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4202.398","article-title":"Treatment recovery and spontaneous recovery from early stuttering: the need for consistent methods in collecting and interpreting data","volume":"42","author":"Onslow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib155","article-title":"Developmental features of the self-esteem of children who stutter: A longitudinal investigation. [Japanese]","volume":"Vol.44","author":"Ota","year":"2007","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Special Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib156","first-page":"n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research ed )"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002028","article-title":"Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews of biomedical research: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5503.370","article-title":"What is stuttering?","volume":"55","author":"Perkins","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Journal of Speech and hearing Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib159","series-title":"Stuttering and science","article-title":"Stuttering and science","author":"Perkins","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib160","unstructured":"Pertijs, M.A.J., Oonk, L.C., Beer, de J.J.A., Bunschoten, E.M., Bast, E.J.E.G., Ormondt, van J., Rosenbrand, C.J.G.M., Bezemer, M., Wijngaarden, van L.J., Kalter, E.J., Veenendaal, van H. (2014). Clinical Guideline Stuttering in Children, Adolescents and Adults. NVLF, Woerden. Available at \u3008https:\/\/nedverstottertherapie.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Clinical_Guideline_Stuttering-1.pdf\u3009 (accessed August, 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.02.015","article-title":"Exploring risk factors for stuttering development in Parkinson disease after deep brain stimulation","volume":"38","author":"Picillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2009.06.001","article-title":"Coping responses by adults who stutter: Part I. Protecting the self and others","volume":"34","author":"Plexico","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.5.879","article-title":"Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies","volume":"88","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib164","article-title":"Population-based genetic effects for developmental stuttering","volume":"3","author":"Polikowsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"HGG Advances"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.10.954","article-title":"Prevalence of stuttering","volume":"41","author":"Porfert","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2022.105906","article-title":"The disabling nature of hope in discovering a biological explanation of stuttering","volume":"72","author":"Prabhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2021.105847","article-title":"Identifying developmental stuttering and associated comorbidities in electronic health records and creating a phenome risk classifier","volume":"68","author":"Pruett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib168","first-page":"525","article-title":"Predicting developmental stuttering cases in DNA biobank-linked electronic health records using comorbidity driven machine learning. Genetic epidemiology","volume":"46","author":"Pruett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Conference: 31st Annual Meeting of the International Genetic Epidemiology Society, IGES 2022 Paris France"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03571","article-title":"All tests are imperfect: Accounting for false positives and false negatives using Bayesian statistics","volume":"6","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028015596415","article-title":"Influence of methylphenidate on the frequency of stuttering: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"49","author":"Rabaeys","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Pharmacoth"},{"issue":"8-9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib171","first-page":"277","article-title":"Stuttering in congenital defects of amino acid metabolism","volume":"86","author":"Raisova","year":"1984","journal-title":"Czech] Sbornik Lekarsky"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.35994\/rhr.v5i1.99","article-title":"Operation zarb-e-azb, IDPs, and the life in camps","volume":"5","author":"Rasool","year":"2020","journal-title":"Review of Human Rights"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2013.07.007","article-title":"The kid\u2019s speech: The effect of stuttering on human capital acquisition.","volume":"38","author":"Rees","year":"2014","journal-title":"Economics of Education Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib174","first-page":"14","article-title":"Role of metacognitive beliefs in prediction of anxiety level and stuttering severity in people with stuttering. [Persian]","volume":"16","author":"Rezai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Koomesh"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.12976","article-title":"The Incidental finding and the false-positive paradox","volume":"64","author":"Ridley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2020.1806975","article-title":"Examining the association between stuttering and psychopathic personality traits, nonviolent crime, and violent crime","volume":"30","author":"Rima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2007.11.006","article-title":"Phenomenology of abnormal movements in stuttering","volume":"14","author":"Riva-Posse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parkinsonism and Related Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/10405","article-title":"Accuracy of internet-based patient self-report of postdischarge health care utilization and complications following orthopedic procedures: Observational cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Rosner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib179","first-page":"415","article-title":"Examination of validity in spoken language evaluations: Adult onset stuttering following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"Roth","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1001","article-title":"The reporting odds ratio and its advantages over the proportional reporting ratio","volume":"13","author":"Rothman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1236","article-title":"Anomaly detection by robust statistics","volume":"8","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"2018","journal-title":"WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-730X(01)00095-X","article-title":"A longitudinal study of articulation, language, rate, and fluency of 22 preschool children who stutter","volume":"26","author":"Ryan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/09546553.2021.1880226","article-title":"The implication of terrorism\u2019s extremely low base rate","volume":"33","author":"Sageman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Terrorism and Political Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym018","article-title":"Tools for assessing quality and susceptibility to bias in observational studies in epidemiology: A systematic review and annotated bibliography","volume":"36","author":"Sanderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.07.001","article-title":"Subtyping stuttering II: Contributions from language and temperament","volume":"32","author":"Seery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200101)16:1<114::AID-MDS1004>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Re-emergence of childhood stuttering in Parkinson's disease: a hypothesis","volume":"16","author":"Shahed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"issue":"1956","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib187","first-page":"313","article-title":"Incidence of stuttering in older age groups","volume":"Vol.21","author":"Shames","year":"1956","journal-title":"Journal of Speech Disorders"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2021.11.004","article-title":"Phenome risk classification enables phenotypic imputation and gene discovery in developmental stuttering","volume":"108","author":"Shaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib189","series-title":"Stuttering: A Symposium","article-title":"Conflict theory of stuttering","author":"Sheehan","year":"1958"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib190","series-title":"Stuttering: Research and Therapy","article-title":"Stuttering: Research and therapy","author":"Sheehan","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.0901.121","article-title":"Spontaneous recovery from stuttering","volume":"9","author":"Sheehan","year":"1966","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib192","article-title":"Improvement of stuttering after administration of methylphenidate - A case report","volume":"31-32","author":"SheikhBahaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pers Med Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2018.02.002","article-title":"Children who stutter at 3 years of age: A community-based study","volume":"56","author":"Shimada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181a86671","article-title":"How accurate are self-reports? Analysis of self-reported health care utilization and absence when compared with administrative data","volume":"51","author":"Short","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00162","article-title":"Predicting persistent developmental stuttering using a cumulative risk approach","volume":"65","author":"Singer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib196","first-page":"3288","article-title":"The effect of stuttering on symptoms of depression and social anxiety in adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Sizer","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2014.01.003","article-title":"Anxiety of children and adolescents who stutter: A review","volume":"40","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sofer T., Zheng X., Laurie C.A., Gogarten S.M., Brody J.A., Conomos M.P., Bis J.C., Thornton T.A., Szpiro A., O'Connell J.R., Lange E.M., Gao Y., Cupples L.A., Psaty B.M., NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium, Rice K.M. (2021) Variant-specific inflation factors for assessing population stratification at the phenotypic variance level. Nat Commun. Jun 9;12(1):3506. doi: 10.1038\/s41467\u2013021-23655\u20132. PMID: 34108454; PMCID: PMC8190158.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23655-2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.645292","article-title":"Prevalence and therapy rates for stuttering, cluttering, and developmental disorders of speech and language: Evaluation of german health insurance data","volume":"15","author":"Sommer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-022-01230-7","article-title":"Expanding the speech and language phenotype in Koolen-de Vries syndrome: late onset and periodic stuttering a novel feature","volume":"31","author":"St John","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Human Genetics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-S-14-0080","article-title":"Characteristics of fluency and speech in two families with high incidences of stuttering","volume":"58","author":"Stager","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and hearing research: JSLHR"},{"issue":"1; 66","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1179\/bjms.1988.007","article-title":"Stuttering and cluttering in the mentally handicapped population: A review of the literature","volume":"Vol.34","author":"Stansfield","year":"1988","journal-title":"British Journal of Mental Subnormality"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib203","first-page":"287","article-title":"Prevalence of stuttering and cluttering in adults with mental handicaps","volume":"34","author":"Stansfield","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Deficiency Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/13682829609033148","article-title":"Acquired stammering in Great Britain","volume":"31","author":"Stewart","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Journal of Disorders of Communication"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib206","unstructured":"Surushkina S.Y., Chutko L.S., Aitbekov K.A., Nikishena I.S. & Bondarchuk Y.I. (2014) [Comorbidity of tics and stuttering]. [Russian] Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova \/ Ministerstvo zdravookhraneniia i meditsinskoi promyshlennosti Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Vserossiiskoe obshchestvo nevrologov [i] Vserossiiskoe obshchestvo psikhiatrov. 114(10) (pp 56\u201358)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib207","first-page":"88","article-title":"Effect of age and gender on stuttering in the students of Babol (Iran) in educational year 2010\u20132011","volume":"15","author":"Taghipour","year":"2013","journal-title":"[Farsi] Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0586-7","article-title":"Retention strategies in longitudinal cohort studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Teague","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.09.001","article-title":"A clinician survey of speech and non-speech characteristics of neurogenic stuttering","volume":"33","author":"Theys","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2011.06.001","article-title":"A one year prospective study of neurogenic stuttering following stroke: incidence and co-occurring disorders","volume":"44","author":"Theys","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732307307748","article-title":"Reaching and engaging hard-to-reach populations with a high proportion of nonassociative members","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-20-00237","article-title":"A preliminary investigation of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder characteristics in adults who stutter","volume":"64","author":"Tichenor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and hearing research: JSLHR"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14097","article-title":"Methylphenidate and stuttering","volume":"85","author":"Trenque","year":"2019","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical pharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2021.1867101","article-title":"Drug induced stuttering: pharmacovigilance data","volume":"20","author":"Trenque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Drug Safety"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa988","article-title":"Stuttering and incident type 2 diabetes: A population-based study of 2.2 million adolescents","volume":"106","author":"Tsur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2018.01.002","article-title":"Expressed parental concern regarding childhood stuttering and the Test of Childhood Stuttering","volume":"72","author":"Tumanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2014.01.003","article-title":"Speech disfluencies of preschool-age children who do and do not stutter","volume":"49","author":"Tumanova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib218","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau (2006). A Half-Century of Learning: Historical Statistics on Educational Attainment in the United States, 1940 to 2000. Available at \u3008https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/tables\/2000\/dec\/phc-t-41.html\u3009 (accessed October 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1159\/000093185","article-title":"Prevalence of stuttering in regular and special school population in Belgium based on teacher perception","volume":"58","author":"Van Borsel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib220","series-title":"Speech Correction: Principles and Methods","article-title":"Speech correction: Principles and methods","author":"Van Riper","year":"1963"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib221","series-title":"The Nature of Stuttering","author":"Van Riper","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib222","series-title":"The Treatment of Stuttering","article-title":"The Treatment of Stuttering","author":"Van Riper","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib223","first-page":"37","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life of people who stutter: A cross-sectional study","author":"Varghese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rehabilitation Process and Outcome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2023.101327","article-title":"Prevalence of stuttering among school age children in Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka, India","volume":"22","author":"Varghese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"von Elm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1002","article-title":"The reporting odds ratio versus the proportional reporting ratio: 'deuce","volume":"13","author":"Waller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00034","article-title":"Exploring relationships among risk factors for persistence in early childhood stuttering","volume":"64","author":"Walsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and hearing research: JSLHR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib228","series-title":"Stuttering and cluttering: Frameworks for understanding and treatment","first-page":"436","article-title":"Stuttering and cluttering: Frameworks for understanding and treatment","author":"Ward","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2014.923512","article-title":"Language ability of children with and without a history of stuttering: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Watts","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.2903.322","article-title":"Stuttering among blind and partially sighted children","volume":"Vol.29","author":"Weinberg","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of Speech & Hearing Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/031)","article-title":"SLD is not stuttering","volume":"Vol.44","author":"Wingate","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001055","article-title":"Hidden populations: Uncovering the developmental experiences of minoritized populations across contexts","volume":"56","author":"Witherspoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3109\/13682826709031315","article-title":"The assessment of stuttering as struggle, avoidance, and expectancy","volume":"2","author":"Woolf","year":"1967","journal-title":"British Journal of Disorders in Communication"},{"issue":"3 and 4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib234","first-page":"45","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of primary stuttering and normal nonfluency in children referring to saba clinic","volume":"4","author":"Yadegari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1990","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib235","first-page":"50","article-title":"Subtyping child stutterers for research purposes","volume":"Vol.18","author":"Yairi","year":"1990","journal-title":"ASHA Reports Series (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/069)","article-title":"Longitudinal studies of childhood stuttering: evaluation of critiques","volume":"44","author":"Yairi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.04.001","article-title":"Subtyping stuttering I: a review","volume":"32","author":"Yairi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2013.05.001","article-title":"Defining stuttering for research purposes","volume":"38","author":"Yairi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib239","series-title":"Early childhood stuttering","article-title":"Early childhood stuttering","author":"Yairi","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2012.11.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances","volume":"38","author":"Yairi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3603.521","article-title":"The early months of stuttering: A developmental study","volume":"36","author":"Yairi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib242","first-page":"93","article-title":"Predictors of recovery in childhood stuttering","volume":"21","author":"Yuksel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turkish] Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2019.06.003","article-title":"2D:4D ratios as an indicator of intrauterine androgen exposure in children who stutter","volume":"135","author":"Yuksel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Human Development"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fluency Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094730X24000494?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094730X24000494?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T17:17:38Z","timestamp":1740071858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0094730X24000494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":243,"alternative-id":["S0094730X24000494"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085","relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-730X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-730X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adult stuttering prevalence I: Systematic review and identification of stuttering in large populations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2024.106085","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106085"}}