{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:02:49Z","timestamp":1792803769949,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008562","name":"University of Texas at Austin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fluency Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T22:52:33Z","timestamp":1770591153000},"page":"106200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Self-disclosure of stuttering: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1179-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey A.","family":"Coalson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2989-545X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4844-0753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn L.","family":"Albaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1569-037X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corrin G.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5773-0771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Courtney T.","family":"Byrd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib1","series-title":"The nature of prejudice","author":"Allport","year":"1958"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1179572717732996","article-title":"Me, my stuttering, and them! Effect of self-disclosure of stuttering on listener perception","volume":"6","author":"Bajaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rehabilitation Process & Outcome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2016.10.002","article-title":"Long-term consequences of childhood bullying in adults who stutter: Social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life","volume":"50","author":"Blood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-730X(03)00010-X","article-title":"A preliminary study of self-esteem, stigma, and disclosure in adolescents who stutter","volume":"28","author":"Blood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2466\/07.10.15.17.PMS.113.5.353-364","article-title":"Self-reported experience of bullying of students who stutter: Relations with life satisfaction, life orientation, and self-esteem","volume":"113","author":"Blood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2016.09.004","article-title":"A comparison of three strategies for reducing the public stigma associated with stuttering","volume":"50","author":"Boyle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2020.105746","article-title":"Toward a better understanding of the process of disclosure events among people who stutter","volume":"63","author":"Boyle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2018.10.003","article-title":"Disclosure of stuttering and quality of life in people who stutter","volume":"58","author":"Boyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461.2802.164","article-title":"Clinicians\u2019 training and confidence associated with treating school-age children who stutter: A national survey","volume":"28","author":"Brisk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1488328","article-title":"CARE model of treatment for stuttering: Theory, assumptions, and preliminary findings","volume":"15","author":"Byrd","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2017.09.001","article-title":"Clinical utility of self-disclosure for adults who stutter: Apologetic versus informative statements","volume":"54","author":"Byrd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2375-4494.1000296","article-title":"The influence of self-disclosure on school-age children\u2019s perceptions of children who stutter","volume":"4","author":"Byrd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_AJSLP-15-0164","article-title":"The effects of self-disclosure on male and female perceptions of individuals who stutter","volume":"26","author":"Byrd","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2025.1541059","article-title":"Social validation of communication competence of adults who stutter who participated in CARE Model treatment: Replication and extension","volume":"6","author":"Coalson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1044\/persp1.SIG4.16","article-title":"Academic, clinical, and educational experiences of self-identified fluency specialists","volume":"1","author":"Coalson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5501.75","article-title":"Acknowledgment and severity of stuttering as factors influencing nonstutterers' perceptions of stutterers","volume":"55","author":"Collins","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1108\/JPMH-03-2016-0012","article-title":"Adults\u2019 perceptions about whether children should disclose their mental illness","volume":"15","author":"Corrigan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Public Mental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.2.322","article-title":"Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings","volume":"81","author":"Costa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2003.97.1.235","article-title":"Stereotypes towards stuttering for those who have never had direct contact with people who stutter: A randomized and stratified study","volume":"97","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2014.01.001","article-title":"Trait and social anxiety in adults with chronic stuttering: Conclusions following meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Craig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2020.1861326","article-title":"Does the clinical utility of self-disclosure of stuttering transcend culturally and linguistically diverse populations?","volume":"23","author":"Croft","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-730X(93)90015-V","article-title":"Stereotypes of stutterers and nonstutterers in three rural communities in Newfoundland","volume":"18","author":"Doody","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-730X(99)00026-1","article-title":"Attitudes of professors and students toward college students who stutter","volume":"25","author":"Dorsey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2019.1580187","article-title":"\u2018Trial by fire\u2019: Forms of impairment disclosure and implications for disability identity","volume":"34","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disability & Society"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3986","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-S-19-0088","article-title":"Social judgments of digitally manipulated stuttered speech: An evaluation of self-disclosure on cognition","volume":"62","author":"Ferguson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2003.09.002","article-title":"Measuring role entrapment of people who stutter","volume":"29","author":"Gabel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0353","article-title":"Stuttering and labor market outcomes in the United States","volume":"61","author":"Gerlach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2006.12.003","article-title":"The effects of self-disclosure and non self-disclosure of stuttering on listeners' perceptions of a person who stutters","volume":"32","author":"Healey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib29","first-page":"237","article-title":"Examining the relationship between perceptions of a known person who stutters and attitudes toward stuttering","volume":"41","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2009.09.002","article-title":"University students\u2019 perceptions of the life effects of stuttering","volume":"43","author":"Hughes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1348\/000709999157626","article-title":"Self-reports of short- and long-term effects of bullying on children who stammer","volume":"69","author":"Hugh-Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"The British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2013.08.003","article-title":"Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions","volume":"40","author":"Iverach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_LSHSS-20-00028","article-title":"Stuttering practice self-assessment by school speech-language practitioners","volume":"51","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461.2502.90","article-title":"School administrators\u2019 perceptions of people who stutter","volume":"25","author":"Lass","year":"1994","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2010.04.001","article-title":"Listener responses according to stuttering self-acknowledgment and modification","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.363","article-title":"Conceptualizing stigma","volume":"27","author":"Link","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"(5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022113520075","article-title":"Gender stereotypes of personality: Universal and accurate?","volume":"45","author":"L\u00f6ckenhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2007.03.003","article-title":"Origins of the stuttering stereotype: Stereotype formation through anchoring\u2013adjustment","volume":"32","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2018.11.003","article-title":"The effects of self-disclosure on the communicative interaction between a person who stutters and a normally fluent speaker","volume":"59","author":"Mancinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2018.09.004","article-title":"Self-report of self-disclosure statements for stuttering","volume":"58","author":"McGill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"(6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12853","article-title":"Honest, Open, Proud for adolescents with mental illness: pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Mulfinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2021.105880","article-title":"Does stammering act as a barrier to exercise and sport in Irish adults who stammer?","volume":"70","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/15257401231160452","article-title":"The effect of self-disclosure about stuttering on listener perceptions","volume":"45","author":"Pathak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communication Disorders Quarterly"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114802","article-title":"Gender stereotype susceptibility","volume":"9","author":"Pavlova","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146487","article-title":"Twenty years of stereotype threat research: A review of psychological mediators","volume":"11","author":"Pennington","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.5.751","article-title":"A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory","volume":"90","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayyan Software. (2025) Rayyan: AI-powered systematic review management platform. Retrieved from \u3008https:\/\/www.rayyan.ai\/\u3009.","DOI":"10.5339\/jist.2025.15"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1071427","article-title":"Disclosure of a stigmatized identity: A qualitative study of the reasons why people choose to tell or not tell others about their traumatic brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Riley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib49","unstructured":"Riley,\u00a0G. D.\u00a0(1994).\u00a0Stuttering severity instrument for children and adults \u2013 3rd edition (SSI-3). Pro-Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib50","unstructured":"Riley,\u00a0G. D.\u00a0(2009).\u00a0Stuttering severity instrument for children and adults - 4th edition (SSI-4). Pro-Ed."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-20-00188","article-title":"Social judgments of digitally manipulated stuttered speech: Cognitive heuristics drive implicit and explicit bias","volume":"63","author":"Roche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868306294790","article-title":"From stereotype threat to stereotype threats: Implications of a multi-threat framework for causes, moderators, mediators, consequences, and interventions","volume":"11","author":"Shapiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_LSHSS-20-00119","article-title":"The effects of written stuttering disclosure on the perceptions of a child who stutters","volume":"52","author":"Snyder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1159\/000529499","article-title":"The effects of different sources and modalities of stuttering disclosure on listeners' perceptions of a child who stutters","volume":"75","author":"Snyder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_LSHSS-19-00059","article-title":"The effects of different sources of stuttering disclosure on the perceptions of a child who stutters","volume":"51","author":"Snyder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib56","series-title":"Stuttering meets stereotype, stigma, and discrimination: An overview of attitude research","author":"St. Louis","year":"2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.52.6.613","article-title":"A threat in the air. How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance","volume":"52","author":"Steele","year":"1997","journal-title":"The American Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2019.105965","article-title":"Is what I think I think really what I think? Implicit and explicit attitudes toward stuttering among practicing speech-language pathologists","volume":"83","author":"Walden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2023.106333","article-title":"Impact of self-disclosure and communication competence on perceived listener distraction","volume":"103","author":"Werle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-22-00118","article-title":"The impact of self-disclosure and strategies for communication competence on professors' perceptions and evaluations of students who do and do not stutter","volume":"65","author":"Werle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2021.105848","article-title":"Preliminary study of self-perceived communication competence amongst adults who do and do not stutter","volume":"70","author":"Werle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Fluency Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2704.567","article-title":"Stereotype formation by inference: A possible explanation for the\u201c stutterer\u201d stereotype","volume":"27","author":"White","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.3602.225","article-title":"Speech clinicians' conceptions of boys and men who stutter","volume":"36","author":"Woods","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1902.267","article-title":"Traits attributed to stuttering and normally fluent males","volume":"19","author":"Woods","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2023.106387","article-title":"Self-perceived outcomes of informative and apologetic self-disclosure: A mixed methods study","volume":"106","author":"Young","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2025.106580","article-title":"An interpretative phenomenological analysis of voluntary stuttering experiences of adults who stutter","volume":"118","author":"Young","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_AJSLP-22-00048","article-title":"Self-disclosure experiences of adults who stutter: An interpretative phenomenological analysis","volume":"31","author":"Young","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fluency Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094730X26000082?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0094730X26000082?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:09:19Z","timestamp":1781111359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0094730X26000082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["S0094730X26000082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200","relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-730X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-730X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Self-disclosure of stuttering: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Fluency Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2026.106200","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106200"}}