{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:36:07Z","timestamp":1792290967173,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CFRPG8J0121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CFRPG8J0121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012553","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CORPG8L0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CORPG8L0101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111-2636-E-A49-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2636-E-A49-014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-2636-E\\u2212008-008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2636-E\\u2212008-008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Formosan Medical Association"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T18:05:47Z","timestamp":1647885947000},"page":"2074-2084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clinical characteristics and outcomes of mixed virus or bacterial infection in children with laboratory-confirmed influenza infection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Shao-Ju","family":"Chien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Jung","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Lien","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1814-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Ju","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051721","article-title":"Influenza-associated deaths among children in the United States, 2003-2004","volume":"353","author":"Bhat","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-168","article-title":"Central European Vaccination Advisory Group (CEVAG) guidance statement on recommendations for influenza vaccination in children","volume":"10","author":"Usonis","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2007.09.009","article-title":"Economic evidence of influenza vaccination in children","volume":"86","author":"Savidan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Pol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib4","article-title":"Panel of international experts concludes on influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in Europe","volume":"12","author":"Lopalco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2006.08.020","article-title":"Herd protection against influenza","volume":"37","author":"Glezen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-2023-6","article-title":"The burden of seasonal and pandemic influenza in infants and children","volume":"173","author":"Ruf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R148","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8044","article-title":"Intensive care adult patients with severe respiratory failure caused by Influenza A (H1N1)v in Spain","volume":"13","author":"Rello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1536","article-title":"Critically Ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in Mexico","volume":"302","author":"Dominguez-Cherit","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1496","article-title":"Critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection in Canada","volume":"302","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12470","article-title":"The hidden burden of influenza: a review of the extra-pulmonary complications of influenza infection","volume":"11","author":"Sellers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1000449","article-title":"Clinical aspects of pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection","volume":"362","author":"Bautista","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1164\/201001-0037OC","article-title":"Pandemic 2009 influenza A in Argentina: a study of 337 patients on mechanical ventilation","volume":"182","author":"Estenssoro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181c87716","article-title":"Influenza A pandemics: clinical and organizational aspects: the experience in Chile","volume":"38","author":"Ugarte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908481","article-title":"Critical care services and 2009 H1N1 influenza in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"361","author":"Investigators","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.11.017","article-title":"Risk factors for nosocomial infection among hospitalised severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 patients","volume":"134","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir861","article-title":"Myocardial injury and bacterial pneumonia contribute to the pathogenesis of fatal influenza B virus infection","volume":"205","author":"Paddock","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1053\/spid.2002.122992","article-title":"The impact of influenza in children","volume":"13","author":"Munoz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.08.010","article-title":"Mixed respiratory virus infections","volume":"43","author":"Paranhos-Baccala","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62449-1","article-title":"Oseltamivir treatment for influenza in adults: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"385","author":"Dobson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx271","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza treatment, prophylaxis, and outbreak control: a systematic review of systematic reviews and\/or meta-analyses","volume":"72","author":"Doll","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70267-6","article-title":"Efficacy of oseltamivir treatment started within 5 days of symptom onset to reduce influenza illness duration and virus shedding in an urban setting in Bangladesh: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Fry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4713","article-title":"The Chang Gung Research Database-A multi-institutional electronic medical records database for real-world epidemiological studies in Taiwan","volume":"28","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.520","article-title":"dxpr: an R package for generating analysis-ready data from electronic health records-diagnoses and procedures","volume":"7","author":"Tseng","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2011.04.005","article-title":"Factors associated with development of complications among adults with influenza: a 3-year prospective analysis","volume":"111","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1086\/345909","article-title":"Influenza A and B virus infections in children","volume":"36","author":"Peltola","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3681-4","article-title":"Influenza infections in Australia 2009-2015: is there a combined effect of age and sex on susceptibility to virus subtypes?","volume":"19","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002610","article-title":"Comparative severity of influenza A and B infections in hospitalized children","volume":"39","author":"Mattila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1333-x","article-title":"Clinical features of children hospitalized with influenza A and B infections during the 2012-2013 influenza season in Italy","volume":"16","author":"Mancinelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181a792a9","article-title":"Development and validation of a risk score for predicting hospitalization in children with influenza virus infection","volume":"25","author":"Bender","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4643","article-title":"Hospitalization for influenza A versus B","volume":"138","author":"Tran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31816be008","article-title":"Clinical features of children infected with different strains of influenza B in southern Taiwan","volume":"27","author":"Chi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-9572(09)60033-4","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory analysis of influenza B infection in children in Taichung, Taiwan during the 2006-2007 flu season","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041073","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality in critically ill influenza adult patients","volume":"9","author":"Hsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/cc8893","article-title":"Bench-to-bedside review: bacterial pneumonia with influenza - pathogenesis and clinical implications","volume":"14","author":"van der Sluijs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.05.007","article-title":"Correlation of viral load of respiratory pathogens and co-infections with disease severity in children hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection","volume":"48","author":"Franz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.11.003","article-title":"Dual infections by influenza A\/H3N2 and B viruses and by influenza A\/H3N2 and A\/H1N1 viruses during winter 2007, Corsica Island, France","volume":"41","author":"Falchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-155","article-title":"Multipathogen infections in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10814-6","article-title":"The microbial coinfection in COVID-19","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib38","first-page":"272","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis: a review of the literature","volume":"67","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.194139","article-title":"Bacterial coinfection in influenza: a grand rounds review","volume":"309","author":"Chertow","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1086\/516137","article-title":"Dual respiratory virus infections","volume":"25","author":"Drews","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5310","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27102","article-title":"Viral coinfections in COVID-19","volume":"93","author":"Aghbash","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26163","article-title":"The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses in patients during COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"92","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.015","article-title":"Co-circulation of human metapneumovirus and SARS-associated coronavirus during a major nosocomial SARS outbreak in Hong Kong","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.06.005","article-title":"The nature and consequences of coinfection in humans","volume":"63","author":"Griffiths","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix412","article-title":"The spectrum and burden of influenza-associated neurological disease in children: combined encephalitis and influenza sentinel site surveillance from Australia, 2013\u20132015","volume":"65","author":"Britton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis454","article-title":"A population-based study of neurologic manifestations of severe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in California","volume":"55","author":"Glaser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2304.161317","article-title":"Neurologic complications of influenza B virus infection in adults, Romania","volume":"23","author":"Popescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181f268f1","article-title":"Rescue therapy in adult and pediatric patients with pH1N1 influenza infection: a tertiary center intensive care unit experience from April to October 2009","volume":"38","author":"Norfolk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.04.044","article-title":"Cardiovascular manifestations associated with influenza virus infection","volume":"130","author":"Mamas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182416f23","article-title":"Critical illness from 2009 pandemic influenza A virus and bacterial coinfection in the United States","volume":"40","author":"Rice","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21288","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Korean pediatric patients critically ill with influenza A (H1N1) virus","volume":"45","author":"Shin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1450","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0774","article-title":"Critically ill children during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic in the United States","volume":"128","author":"Randolph","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz056","article-title":"Rapid molecular tests for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other respiratory viruses: a systematic review of diagnostic accuracy and clinical impact studies","volume":"69","author":"Vos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Formosan Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0929664622001048?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0929664622001048?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:35:41Z","timestamp":1777592141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0929664622001048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0929664622001048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6646","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of mixed virus or bacterial infection in children with laboratory-confirmed influenza infection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Formosan Medical Association","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfma.2022.03.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Formosan Medical Association. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}