{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T09:06:14Z","timestamp":1767863174872,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Formosan Medical Association"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T05:28:30Z","timestamp":1715750910000},"page":"15-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The applications of high-flow nasal cannulas in pediatric intensive care units in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7505-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeng-Hung","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Chia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5225-7751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank Leigh","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu-Chien","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"En-Ting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.47.8.609","article-title":"Variability of inspired oxygen concentration with nasal cannulas","volume":"47","author":"Bazuaye","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2743-5","article-title":"Use of high flow nasal cannula in critically ill infants, children, and adults: a critical review of the literature","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4277-8","article-title":"Use of high-flow nasal cannula oxygenation in ICU adults: a narrative review","volume":"42","author":"Papazian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2354-6","article-title":"Beneficial effects of humidified high flow nasal oxygen in critical care patients: a prospective pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Sztrymf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.04.007","article-title":"Research in high flow therapy: mechanisms of action","volume":"103","author":"Dysart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.1081","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannulae in the management of apnea of prematurity: a comparison with conventional nasal continuous positive airway pressure","volume":"107","author":"Sreenan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05566","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula in neonates","volume":"62","author":"El-Farghali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2019.00626","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in children: a clinical review","volume":"63","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-016-0278-4","article-title":"High flow nasal cannula in children: a literature review","volume":"24","author":"Mikalsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resuscitation Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2871","article-title":"Heated humidified high-flow nasal oxygen in adults: mechanisms of action and clinical implications","volume":"148","author":"Spoletini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05880","article-title":"Incorporating a nebulizer system into high-flow nasal cannula improves comfort in infants with bronchiolitis","volume":"63","author":"Valencia-Ramos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03637-0","article-title":"High flow nasal cannula as respiratory support in treating infant bronchiolitis: a systematic review","volume":"179","author":"Moreel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib13","first-page":"52","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula in children with asthma exacerbation: a review of current evidence","volume":"40","author":"Chao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e228","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002258","article-title":"Variation in practice related to the use of high flow nasal cannula in critically ill children","volume":"21","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.09777","article-title":"Frequency and correlates of pediatric high-flow nasal cannula use for bronchiolitis, asthma, and pneumonia","volume":"67","author":"C","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001805","article-title":"Patterns of use of heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula therapy in PICUs in the United Kingdom and republic of Ireland","volume":"20","author":"Morris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05153","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula utilization in pediatric critical care","volume":"62","author":"Coletti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13695","article-title":"Nasal high-flow therapy in children: a survey of current practice in Australia","volume":"53","author":"Maul","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003097","article-title":"Commentary on high-flow nasal cannula and continuous positive airway pressure practices after the first-line support for assistance in breathing in children trials","volume":"23","author":"Shein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.3367","article-title":"The paediatric critical care society study G. Effect of high-flow nasal cannula therapy vs continuous positive airway pressure following extubation on liberation from respiratory support in critically ill children: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"327","author":"Ramnarayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.9615","volume":"328","author":"Ramnarayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4682","article-title":"Effect of helmet noninvasive ventilation vs high-flow nasal oxygen on days free of respiratory support in patients with COVID-19 and moderate to severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: the HENIVOT randomized clinical trial","volume":"325","author":"Grieco","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9680905","article-title":"Pediatric intensive care unit admissions for COVID-19: insights using state-level data","volume":"2020","author":"Loomba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2021.06.018","article-title":"Nasal high flow cannula maybe prioritized in treating patients suffering from COVID-19?","volume":"120","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.S1.205","article-title":"Pediatric deaths attributable to complex chronic conditions: a population-based study of Washington State, 1980-1997","volume":"106","author":"Feudtner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib26","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of high flow nasal oxygen for children with bronchiolitis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Dafydd","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-018-0208-9","article-title":"The impact of cold on the respiratory tract and its consequences to respiratory health","volume":"8","author":"D'Amato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Transl Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-017-0278-1","article-title":"Nasal high flow in management of children with status asthmaticus: a retrospective observational study","volume":"7","author":"Baudin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.590906","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula vs. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy for the treatment of children <2 Years with mild to moderate respiratory failure due to pneumonia","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivu171","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of high-flow nasal cannula and conventional oxygen therapy in paediatric cardiac surgical patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Testa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib31","first-page":"15","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula versus noninvasive ventilation for postextubation acute respiratory failure after pediatric cardiac surgery","volume":"73","author":"Shioji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Med Okayama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001783","article-title":"Positive airway pressure versus high-flow nasal cannula for prevention of extubation failure in infants after congenital heart surgery","volume":"20","author":"Richter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26617","article-title":"High flow nasal cannula use is associated with increased hospital length of stay for pediatric asthma","author":"Rogerson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2020-002774","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula in bronchiolitis at a pediatric emergency department: trends and outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Lipshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26142","article-title":"Systematic review and cost-utility of high flow nasal cannula versus continuous positive airway pressure in children with acute severe or moderate bronchiolitis in Colombia","volume":"57","author":"Buendia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06626","article-title":"A respiratory therapist-driven asthma pathway reduced hospital length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit","volume":"64","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003136","article-title":"Protocol-driven initiation and weaning of high-flow nasal cannula for patients with bronchiolitis: a quality improvement initiative","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-058758","article-title":"Quality improvement to reduce high-flow nasal cannula overuse in children with bronchiolitis","volume":"152","author":"Treasure","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-4083","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula use outside of the ICU setting","volume":"146","author":"Kalburgi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23626","article-title":"High flow nasal cannula use outside of the ICU; factors associated with failure","volume":"52","author":"Betters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Formosan Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0929664624002444?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0929664624002444?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T10:37:38Z","timestamp":1742467058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0929664624002444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0929664624002444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6646","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The applications of high-flow nasal cannulas in pediatric intensive care units in Taiwan","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Formosan Medical Association","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.05.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Formosan Medical Association. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}