{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:23:00Z","timestamp":1791242580396,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]],"date-time":"2008-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207008000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline heartworm disease is caused by the filarial nematode Dirofilaria immitis, and is transmitted by mosquitoes in heartworm-endemic areas worldwide. While dogs are the definitive hosts for this parasite, cats can also be infected, and the overall prevalence in cats is between 5% and 10% of that in dogs in any given area. The spectrum of feline presentations varies from asymptomatic infections to chronic respiratory signs, sometimes accompanied by chronic vomiting to acute death with no premonitory signs. Ante-mortem diagnosis can be challenging and relies on a combination of tests, including antigen and antibody serology, thoracic radiography and echocardiography. As treatment with heartworm adulticidal drugs can be life-threatening and heartworm infection in cats is often self-limiting, infected cats are frequently managed with supportive treatment (corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and anti-emetics). Surgical removal of filariae using extraction devices may be considered in some acute cases where immediate curative treatment is necessary, but filarial breakage during the procedure may result in an acute fatal shock-like reaction. Necropsy findings are mainly pulmonary and include muscular hypertrophy of the pulmonary arteries and arterioles on histopathology. A number of safe and effective macrocytic lactone drugs are available for prophylaxis in cats. These drugs can kill a range of larval and adult life-cycle stage heartworms, which may be advantageous in cases of owner compliance failure or when heartworm infection status is undetermined at the time prophylaxis is commenced. An index of suspicion for feline heartworm disease is warranted in unprotected cats with respiratory signs, and perhaps chronic vomiting, in areas where canine heartworm disease is endemic. Many cats, once diagnosed and with appropriate supportive care and monitoring, will resolve their infection and be free of clinical signs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.09.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T03:37:26Z","timestamp":1196480246000},"page":"137-144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Feline heartworm disease: A clinical review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Annette L.","family":"Litster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Atwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-j.jfms.2007.09.007","first-page":"15","volume":"2","author":"Ackerman N.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Small Animal)"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr2-j.jfms.2007.09.007","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"Atkins C.E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Heartworm Society Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr3-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.212.04.517","volume":"212","author":"Atkins C.E.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"bibr4-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-35-3-185"},{"key":"bibr5-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.355"},{"key":"bibr6-j.jfms.2007.09.007","first-page":"2","volume":"32","author":"Atwell R.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Australian Heartworm Society Bulletin"},{"key":"bibr7-j.jfms.2007.09.007","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '01 San Antonio","author":"Atwell R.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr8-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016042709194"},{"key":"bibr9-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/0400376"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr10-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.211.01.68","volume":"211","author":"Borgarelli M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"bibr11-j.jfms.2007.09.007","unstructured":"Brown W, Thomas W (1998) Surgical treatment of feline heartworm disease. In:\n                      16th ACVIM Forum\n                      , San Diego, CA."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr12-j.jfms.2007.09.007","first-page":"6","volume":"27","author":"Brown W.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Feline Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr13-j.jfms.2007.09.007","first-page":"14","volume":"27","author":"Brown W.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Feline Practice"},{"key":"bibr14-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1544"},{"key":"bibr15-j.jfms.2007.09.007","volume-title":"Heartworm Symposium '77, Atlanta, Georgia","author":"Byerly C.S.","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr16-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.66"},{"key":"bibr17-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(84)50153-3"},{"key":"bibr18-j.jfms.2007.09.007","unstructured":"Dillon R (1995) Feline heartworm disease. In: Congress of World Small Animal Veterinary Association, Yokohama, Japan."},{"key":"bibr19-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(98)50136-2"},{"key":"bibr20-j.jfms.2007.09.007","unstructured":"Dillon R (1998b) Feline heartworm disease. In: 16th ACVIM Forum, San Diego, CA."},{"key":"bibr21-j.jfms.2007.09.007","unstructured":"Dillon R (1999) Cardiopulmonary effects of feline heartworm disease. In: 17th ACVIM Forum, Chicago, Illinois."},{"key":"bibr22-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms1939.44.23"},{"key":"bibr23-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.180"},{"key":"bibr25-j.jfms.2007.09.007","first-page":"11","volume":"30","author":"Evans E.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Practitioner"},{"key":"bibr26-j.jfms.2007.09.007","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '98 Tampa, Florida","author":"Genchi C.","year":"1998"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr27-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1995.206.05.663","volume":"206","author":"Glaus T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"bibr28-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(90)90041-W"},{"key":"bibr29-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(66)90016-8"},{"key":"bibr30-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)48423-5"},{"key":"bibr32-j.jfms.2007.09.007","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '92 Austin, Texas","author":"Holmes R.A.","year":"1992"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr33-j.jfms.2007.09.007","first-page":"687","volume":"15","author":"Holmes R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian"},{"key":"bibr34-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820270210"},{"key":"bibr35-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.857"},{"key":"bibr36-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.02.005"},{"key":"bibr37-j.jfms.2007.09.007","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '04, Philadelphia, PA","author":"Kramer L.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr38-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litster A.L., Atkins C., Atwell R.A. Acute death in heartworm-infected cats: unravelling the puzzle, Veterinary Parasitology, 2007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.09.007"},{"key":"bibr39-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2005.02.002"},{"key":"bibr40-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2006.tb12768.x"},{"key":"bibr41-j.jfms.2007.09.007","first-page":"7","volume":"93","author":"Lok J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"bibr42-j.jfms.2007.09.007","first-page":"639","volume":"89","author":"McCall J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"bibr43-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.005"},{"key":"bibr44-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589303000108"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr45-j.jfms.2007.09.007","first-page":"15","volume":"27","author":"Bright J. McIntosh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Feline Practice"},{"key":"bibr47-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.08.003"},{"key":"bibr48-j.jfms.2007.09.007","unstructured":"Nelson C.T., Seward R.L., McCall J.W., Rubin S.B., Buzhardt L.F., Graham W., Longhofer S.L., Guerrero J., Robertson-Plouch C., Paul A. Executive Board of the American Heartworm Society 2007 Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of heartworm (\n                      Dirofilaria immitis\n                      ) infection in cats, 2007, Available from:http:\/\/www.heartwormsociety.org\/article.asp?id=47"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr49-j.jfms.2007.09.007","first-page":"18","volume":"26","author":"Ralston S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Feline Practice"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr50-j.jfms.2007.09.007","first-page":"767","volume":"32","author":"Rogers W.","year":"1971","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"bibr51-j.jfms.2007.09.007","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '95, Auburn, Alabama","author":"Ryan W.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr52-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1995.tb00302.x"},{"key":"bibr53-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-006-3387-0"},{"key":"bibr54-j.jfms.2007.09.007","unstructured":"Sisson D (1998) A definitive approach to heartworm disease in cats. In: 16th ACVIM Forum, San Diego, CA, pp. 40\u201348."},{"key":"bibr55-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.693"},{"key":"bibr56-j.jfms.2007.09.007","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '89, Charleston, South Carolina","author":"Turner J.L.","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr57-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.22.4.535"},{"key":"bibr58-j.jfms.2007.09.007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.114.14.347"}],"container-title":["Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.09.007","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.09.007","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.09.007","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:12:49Z","timestamp":1777500769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.09.007"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.09.007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.09.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1098-612X","1532-2750"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1098-612X","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2750","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}}}