{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T07:27:59Z","timestamp":1782890879124,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012577","name":"Foundation for Meat & Poultry Research & Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012577","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008370","name":"Pork Checkoff","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Protection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T07:07:01Z","timestamp":1777964821000},"page":"100805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Direct-Fed Microbials in Diets of Market Pigs Did Not Impact Salmonella Levels, Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli, Growth Performance, and Carcass Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Jimeng","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Macie E.","family":"Reeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Tokach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan T.","family":"Gebhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason C.","family":"Woodworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Goodband","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel M.","family":"DeRouchey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessie L.","family":"Vipham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayna M.","family":"Brichta-Harhay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Bosilevac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-9389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara E.","family":"Gragg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0005","first-page":"249","article-title":"Salmonella fecal shedding in pigs from birth to market and its association with the presence of Salmonella in palatine tonsils and submandibular lymph nodes at slaughter","volume":"82","author":"Ainslie-Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2004.00637.x","article-title":"Field evaluation of the effect of a probiotic-containing Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis spores on the health status, performance, and carcass quality of grower and finisher pigs","volume":"51","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2015.11.016","article-title":"An outbreak of monophasic and biphasic Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Derby associated with the consumption of dried pork sausage in Castellon (Spain)","volume":"34","author":"Arnedo-Pena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.545818","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Shiga toxin type 2e Escherichia coli in pig colibacillosis [Original Research]","volume":"7","author":"Baldo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881700036X","article-title":"Salmonella in the pork production chain and its impact on human health in the European Union","volume":"145","author":"Bonardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02833-10","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from commercial ground beef in the United States","volume":"77","author":"Bosilevac","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0035","unstructured":"Burrough, E.R., (2022). Intestinal salmonellosis in pigs. Retrieved June 22, 2023 from: https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/digestive-system\/intestinal-diseases-in-pigs\/intestinal-salmonellosis-in-pigs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0040","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). E. coli (Escherichia coli). Retrieved May 23, 2023 from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ecoli\/general\/index.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0045","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022). Foodborne germs and illnesses. Retrieved May 27, 2023 from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/foodsafety\/foodborne-germs.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0050","unstructured":"Clark, M., (2015). Tarheel Q Salmonella outbreak declared over with 1 death, 280 illnesses. Food Safety News. Retrieved August 2, 2023 from: https:\/\/www.foodsafetynews.com\/2015\/07\/tarheel-q-salmonella-outbreak-over-1-death-280-illnesses\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00093","article-title":"From farm to table: Follow-up of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli throughout the pork production chain in Argentina [Original Research]","volume":"7","author":"Colello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(01)01295-5","article-title":"Multiplex PCR-based detection and identification of the most common Salmonella second-phase flagellar antigens","volume":"153","author":"Echeita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Research in Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0065","unstructured":"Fairbrother, J.M., (2023). Edema disease in pigs. Retrieved May 27, 2023 from: https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/generalized-conditions\/edema-disease\/edema-disease-in-pigs."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11233834","article-title":"Reduction of pathogens in feces and lymph nodes collected from beef cattle fed Lactobacillus salivarius (L28), Lactobacillus acidophilus (NP51) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii (NP28), commercially available direct-fed microbials","volume":"11","author":"Flach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109832","article-title":"A review of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) contamination in the raw pork production chain","volume":"377","author":"Haque","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2581-2586.2004","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for distinguishing the most common phase-1 flagellar antigens of Salmonella spp","volume":"42","author":"Herrera-Le\u00f3n","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2006.09.009","article-title":"Blind comparison of traditional serotyping with three multiplex PCRs for the identification of Salmonella serotypes","volume":"158","author":"Herrera-Le\u00f3n","year":"2007","journal-title":"Research in Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txac083","article-title":"Effects of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial on immunity markers and intestinal morphology in diets fed to weanling pigs","volume":"6","author":"Lewton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Translational Animal Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.01.007","article-title":"Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: A review","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.801827","article-title":"Bacillus spp. probiotic strains as a potential tool for limiting the use of antibiotics, and improving the growth and health of pigs and chickens","volume":"13","author":"Luise","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0105","unstructured":"Marshall, K.E., MPH1; , Nguyen , T.-A., MPH1; Michael Ablan, MPH1,2; , Nichols, M.C., DVM1; , Robyn, M.P.D., Sundararaman, P.M., Whitlock, L.M., E. Wise, M.P., & A. Jhung, M.M., (2020). Investigations of possible multistate outbreaks of Salmonella, Shiga toxin\u2013producing Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes infections \u2014 United States, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2023 from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/69\/ss\/ss6906a1.htm."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060567","article-title":"Effect of edema disease vaccination on mortality and growth parameters in nursery pigs in a Shiga toxin2e positive commercial farm","volume":"9","author":"Mesonero-Escuredo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0115","unstructured":"Neumann, E.J., Ramirez, A., & Schwartz, K.J. (Eds.)., (2020). Salmonellosis (5th ed.). American Association of Veterinarians. https:\/\/www.aasv.org\/library\/swineinfo\/https:\/\/www.aasv.org\/library\/swineinfo\/Content\/SDM\/5ed\/046_Salmonellosis.pdf."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050936","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis on gut barrier function, proinflammatory response, ROS production and pathogen inhibition properties in IPEC-J2-Escherichia coli\/Salmonella Typhimurium co-culture","volume":"10","author":"Palkovicsn\u00e9 P\u00e9zsa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-20-329","article-title":"Shiga toxin\u2013producing Escherichia coli in feces of finisher pigs: Isolation, identification, and public health implications of major and minor serogroups","volume":"84","author":"Remfry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102027","article-title":"Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, probiotics that induce the formation of macrophage extracellular traps","volume":"9","author":"Romo-Barrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00558","article-title":"Using probiotics to mute Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium: An opinion","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0140","unstructured":"Svoboda, A.L., & Cutter, C., (2012). STEC: Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli in pork. Retrieved October 11, 2023 from: https:\/\/porkgateway.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-in-pork1.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01953","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum promotes intestinal barrier function by strengthening the epithelium and modulating gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Food Protection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0362028X26001109?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0362028X26001109?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:43:20Z","timestamp":1782884600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0362028X26001109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0362028X26001109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805","relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-028X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-028X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Direct-Fed Microbials in Diets of Market Pigs Did Not Impact Salmonella Levels, Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli, Growth Performance, and Carcass Characteristics","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Food Protection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100805","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Association for Food Protection.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100805"}}