{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:40:22Z","timestamp":1792798822717,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":229,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Protection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:24:58Z","timestamp":1792509898000},"page":"100946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Evolution of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Characterization and Risk Categorization Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2380-2148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Gill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Romero-Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Morabito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevi\u00e8ve","family":"Coulombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Claude","family":"Lavoie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.12.001","article-title":"Hemolysin from Shiga toxin-negative Escherichia coli O26 strains injures microvascular endothelium","volume":"9","author":"Aldick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes and Infection"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000796","article-title":"Pathogenomes and variations in Shiga toxin production among geographically distinct clones of Escherichia coli O113:H21","volume":"8","author":"Allu\u00e9-Guardia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbial Genomics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03203.x","article-title":"Human isolates of Aeromonas possess Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) highly similar to the most virulent gene variants of Escherichia coli","volume":"16","author":"Alperi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0020","unstructured":"Andreychuk, R.M., & Smith, L.F. (1980). Hemolytic uremic syndrome outbreak \u2014 Ontario. Canadian Disease Weekly Report, 6(46): 229\u2013230. Available at https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2016\/aspc-phac\/H12-21-1-6-46.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0025","unstructured":"ANSES. (2023). Avis relatif \u00e0 la d\u00e9finition des souches pathog\u00e8nes D\u2019Escherichia coli productrices de Shiga-toxines (saisine n\u00b02020-SA-0095). Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.anses.fr\/fr\/system\/files\/BIORISK2020SA0095.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2026"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.05.018","article-title":"Humans as a potential reservoir for the emerging ST301 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli clones of serotype O80:H2?","volume":"31","author":"Auvray","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25233-x","article-title":"Identification and pathogenomic analysis of an Escherichia coli strain producing a novel Shiga toxin 2 subtype","volume":"8","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42122-z","article-title":"Molecular characterization and comparative genomics of clinical hybrid Shiga toxin-producing and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC\/ETEC) Strains in Sweden","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112374","article-title":"Characterization of clinical Escherichia coli strains producing a novel Shiga Toxin 2 subtype in Sweden and Denmark","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.1.167-175.1996","article-title":"Characterization of an RTX toxin from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7","volume":"64","author":"Bauer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.07.016","article-title":"Shiga toxins","volume":"60","author":"Bergan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-452","article-title":"Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4 infection in Germany causes a paradigm shift with regard to human pathogenicity of STEC strains","volume":"75","author":"Beutin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.11.2559-2564.1989","article-title":"Close association of verotoxin (Shiga-like toxin) production with enterohemolysin production in strains of Escherichia coli","volume":"27","author":"Beutin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0404.980415","article-title":"Human infections with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli other than serogroup O157 in Germany","volume":"4","author":"Beutin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.3.1812-1816.2004","article-title":"Characterization of cytolethal distending toxin genes and expression in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains of non-O157 serogroups","volume":"72","author":"Bielaszewska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1086\/508195","article-title":"Shiga toxin activatable by intestinal mucus in Escherichia coli isolated from humans: Predictor for a severe clinical outcome","volume":"43","author":"Bielaszewska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003797","article-title":"Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli hemolysin employs outer membrane vesicles to target mitochondria and cause endothelial and epithelial apoptosis","volume":"9","author":"Bielaszewska","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14010062","article-title":"AB5 Enterotoxin-Mediated Pathogenesis: Perspectives Gleaned from Shiga Toxins","volume":"14","author":"Biernbaum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2005.00035.x","article-title":"The widespread occurrence of the enterohemolysin gene ehlyA among environmental strains of Escherichia coli","volume":"254","author":"Boczek","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Letters"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.497-503.1999","article-title":"Associations between virulence factors of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and disease in humans","volume":"37","author":"Boerlin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu399","article-title":"The Presence of the pAA Plasmid in the German O104:H4 Shiga Toxin Type 2a (Stx2a)\u2013Producing Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Strain Promotes the Translocation of Stx2a Across an Epithelial Cell Monolayer","volume":"210","author":"Boisen","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1054591","article-title":"Shiga toxin 2a and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli\u2013a deadly combination","volume":"6","author":"Boisen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.8.1486-1489.1987","article-title":"Unusual verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli associated with hemorrhagic colitis","volume":"25","author":"Bopp","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0120","first-page":"382","article-title":"Using pathogenic Escherichia coli Type III secreted effectors espK and espV as markers to reduce the risk of potentially enterohemorrhagic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef","volume":"14","author":"Bosilevac","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1017-6","article-title":"Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in Norway, 1992-2012: Characterization of isolates and identification of risk factors for haemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Brandal","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03378-14","article-title":"Shiga toxin 2a in Escherichia albertii","volume":"53","author":"Brandal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1086\/466536","article-title":"Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections in the United States, 1983-2002","volume":"192","author":"Brooks","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engmic.2023.100104","article-title":"The diverse landscape of AB5-type toxins","volume":"3","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Engineering Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0693","article-title":"Virulence profiling and quantification of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O145:H28 and O26:H11 isolated during an ice cream-related hemolytic uremic syndrome outbreak","volume":"8","author":"Buvens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12067","article-title":"Distribution of additional virulence factors related to adhesion and toxicity in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from raw products in Argentina","volume":"56","author":"Cadona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Letters in Applied Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ram.2019.03.006","article-title":"An Stx-EAEC O59:NM[H19] strain isolated from a hemolytic uremic syndrome case in Argentina","volume":"52","author":"Carbonari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Argentina de Microbiologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.04.019","article-title":"Overview of the role of Shiga toxins in porcine edema disease pathogenesis","volume":"148","author":"Casanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0165","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (1983). Outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis--Ottawa, Canada. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 32(10), 133\u2013134."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.07.011","article-title":"First report of the distribution of Locus of Adhesion and Autoaggregation (LAA) pathogenicity island in LEE-negative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from Argentina","volume":"123","author":"Colello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e03015","article-title":"Identification and detection of iha subtypes in LEE-negative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from humans, cattle and food","volume":"5","author":"Colello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-023-06433-9","article-title":"Expression of hes, iha, and tpsA codified in locus of adhesion and autoaggregation and their involvement in the capability of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains to adhere to epithelial cells","volume":"16","author":"Colello","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Research Notes"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6360","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00316-07","article-title":"Molecular subtyping and genetic analysis of the enterohemolysin gene (ehxA) from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli","volume":"73","author":"Cookson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4116","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02047-12","article-title":"Characterization of a verocytotoxin-producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli serogroup O111:H21 strain associated with a household outbreak in Northern Ireland","volume":"50","author":"Dallman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12520","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63888-8","article-title":"Globotetraosylceramide is recognized by the pig edema disease toxin","volume":"264","author":"DeGrandis","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3204.251417","article-title":"Hemolytic uremic syndrome outbreak in adults and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli negative for locus of enterocyte effacement, France, 2025","volume":"32","author":"de Larminat","year":"2026","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2688-7","article-title":"Detection of Shiga toxin-producing and other diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by the BioFire FilmArray\u00ae Gastrointestinal Panel in human fecal samples","volume":"35","author":"De Rauw","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.05.016","article-title":"Evaluation of the Alere SHIGA TOXIN QUIK CHEKTM in comparison to multiplex Shiga toxin PCR","volume":"86","author":"Rauw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rauw, K., Jacobs, S., & Pi\u00e9rard, D. (2018). Twenty-seven years of screening for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in a university hospital. Brussels, Belgium, 1987-2014. PloS one, 13(7), e0199968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199968","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199968"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01471-13","article-title":"Discrimination of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) from non-EHEC strains based on detection of various combinations of type III effector genes","volume":"51","author":"Delannoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00001","article-title":"Revisiting the STEC testing approach: Using espK and espV to make Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) detection more reliable in beef","volume":"7","author":"Delannoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"109564","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0230","article-title":"Insights into the assessment of highly pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in raw milk and raw milk cheeses by High Throughput Real-time PCR","volume":"366","author":"Delannoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Den Ouden, A., Greig, D. R., Rodwell, E. V., Tripodo, F., Olonade, I., Swift, C., & Jenkins, C. (2023). Escherichia coli encoding Shiga toxin subtype Stx2f causing human infections in England, 2015-2022. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 72(6), 10.1099\/jmm.0.001707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001707","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001707"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0416-x","article-title":"The population genetics of pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"19","author":"Denamur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2023.2300625","article-title":"Animal models of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection","volume":"52","author":"Do","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Animal Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.84.2.143","article-title":"Preparation and properties of Shiga toxin and toxoid","volume":"84","author":"Dubos","year":"1946","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116718","article-title":"The role of the eae gene of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in intimate attachment in vitro and in a porcine model","volume":"92","author":"Donnenberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7105","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.7105-7113.2002","article-title":"Functional comparison of serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae","volume":"70","author":"Dutta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0265","first-page":"3138","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on VTEC\u2010seropathotype and scientific criteria regarding pathogenicity assessment","volume":"11","author":"EFSA Biohaz Panel","year":"2013","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0270","article-title":"Public health risks associated with Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) as a food-borne pathogen","volume":"13","author":"EFSA Biohaz Panel","year":"2015","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.5967","article-title":"Pathogenicity assessment of Shiga toxin\u2010producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and the public health risk posed by contamination of food with STEC","volume":"18","author":"EFSA Biohaz Panel","year":"2020","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4585","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.12.4585-4593.2002","article-title":"Clinical Escherichia coli strains carrying stx genes: Stx variants and stx-positive virulence profiles","volume":"40","author":"Eklund","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.3418-3422.2001","article-title":"Escherichia coli CdtB mediates cytolethal distending toxin cell cycle arrest","volume":"69","author":"Elwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13756.x","article-title":"Site of action of a Vero toxin (VT2) from Escherichia coli O157:H7 and of Shiga toxin on eukaryotic ribosomes. RNA N-glycosidase activity of the toxins","volume":"171","author":"Endo","year":"1988","journal-title":"European Journal of Biochemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1005.030576","article-title":"Virulence factors for hemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Ethelberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Denmark Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03459-13","article-title":"Hemolytic uremic syndrome in a 65-Year-old male linked to a very unusual type of stx2e- and eae-harboring O51:H49 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"52","author":"Fasel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0305","unstructured":"Food and Agricultural Organisation, World Health Organisation (FAO\/WHO). (2018). Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and food: attribution, characterization, and monitoring. Microbiological Risk Assessment Series 31. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/foodsafety\/publications\/mra_31\/en\/ Accessed September 2, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0310","unstructured":"Federal VTEC Working Group. (2011). Report on the Verotoxigenic E. coli Risk Identification and Risk Management Workshop. November 1 & 2, 2010, Gatineau, Quebec. Available at request from https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/science-research\/activity-highlights\/microbial-research-activities\/vtec-network.html"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, P. (2014). Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in fresh produce\u2013A food safety dilemma. Microbiological Spectrum, 2(4):EHEC-0010-2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0010-2013","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0010-2013"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6699","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00370-11","article-title":"Specificity of PCR and serological assays in the detection of Escherichia coli Shiga toxin subtypes","volume":"77","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0605.000513","article-title":"Prevalence of non-O157:H7 shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in diarrheal stool samples from Nebraska","volume":"6","author":"Fey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerging infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.8.4.514","article-title":"The pathogenesis of experimental colitis, and the relation of colitis in animals and man","volume":"8","author":"Flexner","year":"1906","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120353","article-title":"Molecular hazard identification of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)","volume":"10","author":"Franz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1086\/338115","article-title":"Escherichia coli harboring Shiga toxin 2 gene variants: Frequency and association with clinical symptoms","volume":"185","author":"Friedrich","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.5.1844-1846.2006","article-title":"Cytolethal distending toxin in Escherichia coli O157:H7: Spectrum of conservation, structure, and endothelial toxicity","volume":"44","author":"Friedrich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friesema, I., van der Zwaluw, K., Schuurman, T., Kooistra-Smid, M., Franz, E., van Duynhoven, Y., & van Pelt, W. (2014). Emergence of Escherichia coli encoding Shiga toxin 2f in human Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infections in the Netherlands, January 2008 to December 2011. Euro Surveillance\u202f: European Communicable Disease Bulletin, 19(17), 26\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.es2014.19.17.20787","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.17.20787"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2101.140515","article-title":"Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with Escherichia coli O8:H19 and Shiga toxin 2f gene","volume":"21","author":"Friesema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"151610","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0360","article-title":"Genomic surveillance of STEC\/EHEC infections in Germany 2020 to 2022 permits insight into virulence gene profiles and novel O-antigen gene clusters","volume":"314","author":"Fruth","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01182-10","article-title":"Shiga toxin subtypes display dramatic differences in potency","volume":"79","author":"Fuller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-136-6-1125","article-title":"Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of another variant of the Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin II family","volume":"136","author":"Gannon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of General Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuac031","article-title":"Genomics and pathotypes of the many faces of Escherichia coli","volume":"46","author":"Geurtsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Reviews"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-521","article-title":"Enumeration of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in outbreak-associated beef patties","volume":"79","author":"Gill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-036","article-title":"Enumeration of Escherichia coli O157 in outbreak-associated Gouda cheese made with raw milk","volume":"78","author":"Gill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2019.03.023","article-title":"Bacteriological analysis of wheat flour associated with an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O121","volume":"82","author":"Gill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02229-21","article-title":"Characterization of atypical Shiga toxin gene sequences and description of Stx2j, a new subtype","volume":"60","author":"Gill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0400","unstructured":"Government of Canada (GoC). (2020). Review of the State of Knowledge on Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli and the Role of Whole Genome Sequencing as an Emerging Technology Supporting Regulatory Food Safety in Canada. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/063.nsf\/eng\/h_97998.html Accessed September 2, 2026."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160017","article-title":"Whole-genome characterization and strain comparison of VT2f-Producing Escherichia coli Causing hemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Grande","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00407-06","article-title":"Shiga toxin 2-producing Acinetobacter haemolyticus associated with a case of bloody diarrhea","volume":"44","author":"Grotiuz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00520.x","article-title":"Cellular internalization of cytolethal distending toxin: A new end to a known pathway","volume":"7","author":"Guerra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cellular Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.1163","article-title":"Emergence of shiga toxin 1 genes within Shigella dysenteriae type 4 isolates from travelers returning from the island of Hispa\u00f1ola","volume":"76","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4134","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.11.4134-4141.1998","article-title":"Association of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli hemolysin with serotypes of Shiga-like-toxin-producing Escherichia coli of human and bovine origins","volume":"64","author":"Gyles","year":"1998","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881000292X","article-title":"Contamination level and ingestion dose of foodborne pathogens associated with infections","volume":"139","author":"Hara-Kudo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.1.e2","article-title":"Epidemic of gastrointestinal tract infection including hemorrhagic colitis attributable to Shiga toxin 1-producing Escherichia coli O118:H2 at a junior high school in Japan","volume":"103","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00453-14","article-title":"PCR-based detection and molecular characterization of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains in a routine microbiology laboratory over 16 years","volume":"52","author":"Haugum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268801006069","article-title":"An outbreak of diarrhoea due to multiple antimicrobial-resistant Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11 in a nursery","volume":"127","author":"Hiruta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1850182","article-title":"Molecular characteristics of eae-positive clinical Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Sweden","volume":"9","author":"Hua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes & Infections"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010071","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the enterohemolysin Gene (ehxA) in clinical Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli Isolates","volume":"13","author":"Hua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5693","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00107-10","article-title":"Quantification of Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages in wastewater and in fecal samples by real-time quantitative PCR","volume":"76","author":"Imamovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000064","article-title":"In silico serotyping of E. coli from short read data identifies limited novel O-loci but extensive diversity of O:H serotype combinations within and between pathogenic lineages","volume":"2","author":"Ingle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbial Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(90)90007-D","article-title":"Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of Vero toxin 2 variant genes from Escherichia coli O91:H21 isolated from a patient with the hemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Ito","year":"1990","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3634","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.6.3634-3638.2003","article-title":"Cytolethal distending toxin gene cluster in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H- and O157:H7: Characterization and evolutionary considerations","volume":"71","author":"Janka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf250","article-title":"Hybrid pathotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"136","author":"Jenkins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.8.7.5","article-title":"Heat-Labile Enterotoxins","volume":"2","author":"Jobling","year":"2006","journal-title":"EcoSal Plus"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2279","article-title":"Shiga toxins\u2013from cell biology to biomedical applications","volume":"8","author":"Johannes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.6.2043-2049.2001","article-title":"Sorbitol-Fermenting Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157:H\u2212 Strains: Epidemiology, Phenotypic and Molecular Characteristics, and Microbiological Diagnosis","volume":"39","author":"Karch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4930","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.4930-4940.2003","article-title":"Association of genomic O island 122 of Escherichia coli EDL 933 with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli seropathotypes that are linked to epidemic and\/or serious disease","volume":"41","author":"Karmali","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpman, D., & St\u00e5hl, A.-L. (2014). Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli pathogenesis and the host response. Microbiology Spectrum, 2(5), 10.1128\/microbiolspec.ehec-0009-2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.ehec-0009-2013","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0009-2013"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101173","article-title":"Glycolipid binding preferences of Shiga toxin variants","volume":"9","author":"Karve","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.57.1.71","article-title":"The serology of the coli group","volume":"57","author":"Kauffmann","year":"1947","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.12.3641-3646.1998","article-title":"Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Finland from 1990 through 1997: Prevalence and characteristics of isolates","volume":"36","author":"Keskim\u00e4ki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00273","article-title":"Recent updates on outbreaks of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and its potential reservoirs","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2024.07.017","article-title":"Developing the PIP-eco: An integrated genomic pipeline for identification and characterization of Escherichia coli pathotypes encompassing hybrid forms","volume":"23","author":"Ko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.18.3.775-779.1977","article-title":"Vero response to a cytotoxin of Escherichia coli","volume":"18","author":"Konowalchuk","year":"1977","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000003","article-title":"Shiga toxins and stx phages: Highly diverse entities","volume":"161","author":"Kr\u00fcger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading, England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0420-3","article-title":"Relationship between pathogenicity for humans and stx genotype in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O157","volume":"27","author":"Kawano","year":"2008","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-176","article-title":"Use of the Escherichia coli identification microarray for characterizing the health risks of Shiga toxin\u2013producing Escherichia coli isolated from foods","volume":"79","author":"Lacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051285","article-title":"Genome-Based Characterization of hybrid Shiga toxin-producing and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC\/ETEC) Strains Isolated in South Korea, 2016-2020","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27505","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.462622","article-title":"Structural basis of subtilase cytotoxin SubAB assembly","volume":"288","author":"Le Nours","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.3.377","article-title":"Escherichia coli that cause diarrhea: Enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive, enterohemorrhagic, and enteroadherent","volume":"155","author":"Levine","year":"1987","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"102227","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0570","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic, heteropathogenic and hybrid Escherichia coli strains in psittacines from zoos and breeders in the state of Cear\u00e1, Brazil","volume":"112","author":"Lima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"100246","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0575","article-title":"Classification and ranking of Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) genotypes detected in food based on potential public health impact using clinical data","volume":"23","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbial Risk Analysis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102561","article-title":"Identification and characterization of ten Escherichia coli strains encoding novel shiga toxin 2 subtypes, Stx2n as well as Stx2j, Stx2m, and Stx2o, in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Lindsey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15010010","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli associated hemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2009.09.006","article-title":"Differential efficiency of induction of various lambdoid prophages responsible for production of Shiga toxins in response to different induction agents","volume":"47","author":"Lo\u015b","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6301","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02200-13","article-title":"Prevalence of hemolysin genes and comparison of ehxA subtype patterns in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and non-STEC strains from clinical, food, and animal sources","volume":"79","author":"Lorenz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-365","article-title":"Evaluation of seven different commercially available real-time PCR assays for detection of Shiga toxin 1 and 2 gene subtypes","volume":"76","author":"Margot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-023-04600-1","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of hemolytic uremic syndrome causing Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from Sweden, 1994-2018","volume":"42","author":"Matussek","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03029.x","article-title":"Genes coding for Shiga-like toxin and heat-stabile enterotoxin in porcine strains of Escherichia coli","volume":"58","author":"Meyer","year":"1989","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Letters"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01669.x","article-title":"Spontaneous tandem amplification and deletion of the Shiga toxin operon in Shigella dysenteriae 1","volume":"34","author":"McDonough","year":"1999","journal-title":"Molecular microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010064","article-title":"Switching Shiga toxin (Stx) type from Stx2d to Stx2a but not Stx2c alters virulence of Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strain B2F1 in streptomycin (Str)-treated mice","volume":"13","author":"McNichol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2018.07.002","article-title":"Characterization of a novel plasmid encoding F4-like fimbriae present in a Shiga-toxin producing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated during the investigation on a case of hemolytic-uremic syndrome","volume":"308","author":"Michelacci","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0024-2013","article-title":"Shiga toxin (Stx) classification, structure, and function","volume":"2","author":"Melton-Celsa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiology Spectrum"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.5.1569-1576.1996","article-title":"Activation of Shiga-like toxins by mouse and human intestinal mucus correlates with virulence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O91:H21 isolates in orally infected, streptomycin-treated mice","volume":"64","author":"Melton-Celsa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2002.02733.x","article-title":"Activation of Shiga toxin type 2d (Stx2d) by elastase involves cleavage of the C-terminal two amino acids of the A2 peptide in the context of the appropriate B pentamer","volume":"43","author":"Melton-Celsa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Molecular Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-5","article-title":"Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from healthy pigs in China","volume":"14","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12050345","article-title":"Molecular biology of Escherichia coli Shiga toxins\u2019 effects on mammalian cells","volume":"12","author":"Menge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091997","article-title":"Risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome related to treatment of Escherichia coli O157 infection with different antimicrobial classes","volume":"9","author":"Mody","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8662","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06190-11","article-title":"Serotypes and virulence profiles of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from bovine farms","volume":"77","author":"Monaghan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06999-y","article-title":"Locus of Adhesion and Autoaggregation (LAA), a pathogenicity island present in emerging Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains","volume":"7","author":"Montero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1595985","article-title":"Cumulative acquisition of pathogenicity islands has shaped virulence potential and contributed to the emergence of LEE-negative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains","volume":"8","author":"Montero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes & Infections"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.3.840-842.1998","article-title":"Enteroaggregative, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O111:H2 associated with an outbreak of hemolytic-uremic syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Morabito","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cws009","article-title":"Promiscuous Shiga toxin 2e and its intimate relationship to Forssman","volume":"22","author":"M\u00fcthing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.1.142","article-title":"Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli","volume":"11","author":"Nataro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0402.980212","article-title":"Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli","volume":"4","author":"Nataro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-479","article-title":"Response to questions posed by the food and drug administration regarding virulence factors and attributes that define foodborne Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as severe human pathogens","volume":"82","author":"National Advisory Committee On Microbiological Criteria For Foods (NACMCF)","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0700","unstructured":"Nauta, M.J., Evers, E.G., Takumi, K., & Havelaar, A.H. (2001). Risk assessment of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli O157 in steak tartare in the Netherlands. RIVM. Retrieved from http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10029\/9409 Accessed by September 2, 2026."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1502.080631","article-title":"Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains negative for locus of enterocyte effacement","volume":"15","author":"Newton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2021.151541","article-title":"Distribution of virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes and phylogenetic relatedness among Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroup O91 from human infections","volume":"311","author":"N\u00fcesch-Inderbinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12177","article-title":"Hybrids of shigatoxigenic and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC\/ETEC) among human and animal isolates in Finland","volume":"62","author":"Nyholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.40.2.675-683.1983","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a Shigella dysenteriae 1-like toxin produced by Escherichia coli","volume":"40","author":"O'Brien","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0725","first-page":"65","article-title":"Shiga toxin: Biochemistry, genetics, mode of action, and role in pathogenesis","volume":"180","author":"O'Brien","year":"1992","journal-title":"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2016.237","article-title":"First isolation of a hybrid shigatoxigenic and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain harboring the stx2 and elt genes in Korea","volume":"70","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-516X.165366","article-title":"Presence of pathogenicity island related and plasmid encoded virulence genes in cytolethal distending toxin producing Escherichia coli isolates from diarrheal cases","volume":"5","author":"Oloomi","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied & Basic Medical Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1803.111401","article-title":"Clinical significance of Escherichia albertii","volume":"18","author":"Ooka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.04.013","article-title":"The Shiga toxin genotype rather than the amount of Shiga toxin or the cytotoxicity of Shiga toxin in vitro correlates with the appearance of the hemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Orth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3814","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.9.3814","article-title":"Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 2 produced by virulent Escherichia coli modifies the small GTP-binding proteins Rho involved in assembly of actin stress fibers","volume":"91","author":"Oswald","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.64-71.2000","article-title":"Typing of intimin genes in human and animal enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: Characterization of a new intimin variant","volume":"68","author":"Oswald","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9922","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189922","article-title":"Virulence factors of enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Pakbin","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314903","article-title":"Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"67","author":"Palmela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2102.02040","article-title":"Characteristics of bacteriophage isolates and expression of Shiga toxin genes transferred to non Shiga toxin-producing E. coli by transduction","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3542","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3542-3543.2002","article-title":"Importance of testing stool specimens for Shiga toxins","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.2.463-465.1996","article-title":"Enterobacter cloacae producing a Shiga-like toxin II-related cytotoxin associated with a case of hemolytic-uremic syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Paton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.7.1622-1627.1996","article-title":"Molecular microbiological investigation of an outbreak of hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by dry fermented sausage contaminated with Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"34","author":"Paton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.10.3357-3361.1999","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli O113:H21 strain lacking eae responsible for a cluster of cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Paton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040392","article-title":"A new family of potent AB(5) cytotoxins produced by Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"200","author":"Paton","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.3.450","article-title":"Pathogenesis and diagnosis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections","volume":"11","author":"Paton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02591-06","article-title":"Subtyping method for Escherichia coli Shiga toxin (verocytotoxin) 2 variants and correlations to clinical manifestations","volume":"45","author":"Persson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.6.2460-2468.2001","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from hemolytic-uremic syndrome patients, cattle, and food samples in central France","volume":"67","author":"Pradel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.10.008","article-title":"Escherichia coli encoding Shiga toxin 2f as an emerging human pathogen","volume":"299","author":"Prager","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2010.06.003","article-title":"Comparative analysis of virulence genes, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of Shiga toxin 2g and heat-stable enterotoxin STIa encoding Escherichia coli isolates from humans, animals, and environmental sources","volume":"301","author":"Prager","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095379","article-title":"Two novel EHEC\/EAEC hybrid strains isolated from human infections","volume":"9","author":"Prager","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14081607","article-title":"Algorithm and software to type stx operons accurately from assembled genomic sequence","volume":"14","author":"Prasad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00338-14","article-title":"Isolation and identification of an Enterobacter cloacae strain producing a novel subtype of Shiga toxin type 1","volume":"52","author":"Probert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106920","article-title":"Origins of the E. coli strain causing an outbreak of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Germany","volume":"365","author":"Rasko","year":"2011","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198303243081203","article-title":"Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype","volume":"308","author":"Riley","year":"1983","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040404","article-title":"Bacteriophages of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and their contribution to pathogenicity","volume":"10","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rubio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodwell, E. V., Greig, D. R., Godbole, G., & Jenkins, C. (2024). Clinical and public health implications of increasing notifications of LEE-negative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in England, 2014-2022. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 73(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.001790","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001790"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosales, A., Kuppelwieser, S., Giner, T., Hofer, J., Riedl Khursigara, M., Orth-H\u00f6ller, D., Borena, W., Cortina, G., Jungraithmayr, T., W\u00fcrzner, R., & German-Austrian H. U. S.-Study Group (2024). Outcome 10 years after Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: importance of long-term follow-up. Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 39(8), 2459\u20132465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-024-06355-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-024-06355-z"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, A. C. de M., Santos, F. F., Silva, R. M., & Gomes, T. A. T. (2020). Diversity of hybrid- and hetero-pathogenic Escherichia coli and their potential implication in more severe diseases. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10, 339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00339","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00339"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.111072","article-title":"Similarity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 strains from Italy and Germany","volume":"17","author":"Scavia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00229","article-title":"Comparative Genomic and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Shiga Toxin Producing Shigella sonnei (STSS) Strain","volume":"7","author":"Sv\u00e1b","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0019-2013","article-title":"Taxonomy meets public health: The case of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"Scheutz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiology Spectrum"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00860-12","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of a sequence-based protocol for subtyping Shiga toxins and standardizing Stx nomenclature","volume":"50","author":"Scheutz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.2.534-543.1993","article-title":"Shiga-like toxin II-related cytotoxins in Citrobacter freundii strains from humans and beef samples","volume":"61","author":"Schmidt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0895","first-page":"189","article-title":"The large-sized plasmids of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 strains encode hemolysins which are presumably members of the E. coli alpha-hemolysin family","volume":"117","author":"Schmidt","year":"1994","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.00594.x","article-title":"Pore\u2010forming properties of the Plasmid\u2010encoded hemolysin of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7","volume":"241","author":"Schmidt","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Journal of Biochemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.3.1205-1208.2000","article-title":"A new Shiga toxin 2 variant (Stx2f) from Escherichia coli isolated from pigeons","volume":"66","author":"Schmidt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-25-4-237","article-title":"Vero cytotoxin-producing strains of Escherichia coli from children with haemolytic uraemic syndrome and their detection by specific DNA probes","volume":"25","author":"Scotland","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00168","article-title":"The cytolethal distending toxin contributes to microbial virulence and disease pathogenesis by acting as a Tri-perditious toxin","volume":"6","author":"Scuron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14020156","article-title":"Novel aspects of the SubA subunit of the subtilase cytotoxin","volume":"14","author":"Sessler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1271458","article-title":"Response to single and divided doses of Shiga toxin-1 in a primate model of hemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Siegler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society of Nephrology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-002-1035-7","article-title":"Response to Shiga toxin 1 and 2 in a baboon model of hemolytic uremic syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Siegler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.16.2.617-622.1977","article-title":"Assay of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin with vero cells","volume":"16","author":"Speirs","year":"1977","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-311","article-title":"Comparative genomics of Shiga toxin encoding bacteriophages","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.03.011","article-title":"Evaluation of the SHIGA TOXIN QUIK CHEK and ImmunoCard STAT! EHEC as screening tools for the detection of Shiga toxin in fecal specimens","volume":"87","author":"Staples","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01435-09","article-title":"Distinct physiologic and inflammatory responses elicited in baboons after challenge with Shiga toxin type 1 or 2 from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli","volume":"78","author":"Stearns-Kurosawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(82)80021-8","article-title":"An outbreak of hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with ingestion of fresh apple juice","volume":"101","author":"Steele","year":"1982","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0007-2013","article-title":"The locus of enterocyte effacement and associated virulence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiology Spectrum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10822.x","article-title":"Modelling the vector pathway and infection of humans in an environmental outbreak of Escherichia coli O157","volume":"203","author":"Strachan","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.53.1.135-140.1986","article-title":"Two toxin-converting phages from Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain 933 encode antigenically distinct toxins with similar biologic activities","volume":"53","author":"Strockbine","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.esp-0008-2016","article-title":"The Enterobacterial genotoxins: Cytolethal distending toxin and colibactin","volume":"7","author":"Taieb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosal Plus"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03027-2","article-title":"Enterohemolysin operon of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: A virulence function of inflammatory cytokine production from human monocytes","volume":"524","author":"Taneike","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EHEC-0011-2013","article-title":"Shiga toxin (verotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli in Japan","volume":"2","author":"Terajima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiology Spectrum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3392","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.8.3392-3402.1993","article-title":"Comparison of the relative toxicities of Shiga-like toxins type I and type II for mice","volume":"61","author":"Tesh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b0995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0272-4332.2004.00441.x","article-title":"Dose response for infection by Escherichia coli O157:H7 from outbreak data","volume":"24","author":"Teunis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807008771","article-title":"Hierarchical dose response of E. coli O157:H7 from human outbreaks incorporating heterogeneity in exposure","volume":"136","author":"Teunis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00098-24","article-title":"A challenging STEC strain isolation from patients' stools: An O166:H15 STEC strain with the stx2 gene","volume":"12","author":"Thilakarathna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiology Spectrum"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02111832","article-title":"Isolation of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli serotypes O9ab:H- and O101:H-carrying VT2 variant gene sequences from a patient with haemolytic uraemic syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Thomas","year":"1994","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1015","series-title":"Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases in Canada: Annual Summaries 1983, 84","author":"Todd","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1020","series-title":"Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases in Canada: Annual Summaries 1985 and 1986","author":"Todd","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1025","series-title":"Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases in Canada: Annual Summary 1987","author":"Todd","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1030","series-title":"Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases in Canada: Annual Summaries 1988 and 1989","author":"Todd","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1035","series-title":"Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases in Canada: Annual Summaries 1990 and 1991","author":"Todd","year":"1997"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-71.11.2339","article-title":"Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 4. Infective doses and pathogen carriage","volume":"71","author":"Todd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.1.18-29.2005","article-title":"Adherence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains to epithelial cells","volume":"73","author":"Torres","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01648-09","article-title":"Production of the subtilase AB 5 cytotoxin by Shiga toxin-negative Escherichia coli","volume":"48","author":"Tozzoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1543686","article-title":"Enhancing detection of STEC in the meat industry: Insights into virulence of priority STEC","volume":"16","author":"Tran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4856","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.9.4856-4864.2000","article-title":"Structural analysis of phage-borne stx genes and their flanking sequences in shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains","volume":"68","author":"Unkmeir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1065","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2020). Expansion of FSIS Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) testing to additional raw beef products. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2020\/06\/04\/2020-12073\/expansion-of-fsis-shiga-toxin-producing-escherichia-coli-stec-testing-to-additional-raw-beef. Accessed September 2, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1070","unstructured":"USDA. (2024). MLG 5C.04 Detection, Isolation, and Identification of Top Seven Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from Meat Products, Carcass, and Environmental Sponges. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.fsis.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/media_file\/documents\/MLG-5C.04.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2026."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5635-z","article-title":"Comparative genomics reveals a lack of evidence for pigeons as a main source of stx2f-carrying Escherichia coli causing disease in humans and the common existence of hybrid Shiga toxin-producing and enteropathogenic E. coli pathotypes","volume":"20","author":"van Hoek","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-020-02062-8","article-title":"Distribution of locus of adhesion and autoaggregation and hes gene in STEC strains from countries of Latin America","volume":"77","author":"V\u00e9lez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-024-10308-0","article-title":"Transcription levels of hes and their involvement in the biofilm formation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O91","volume":"48","author":"V\u00e9lez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Veterinary Research Communications"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02449-25","article-title":"Analysis of the genetic and phylogenetic context of Escherichia coli O77g:H18 associated with clustered cases of HUS in France in 2025","volume":"92","author":"Vorimore","year":"2026","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.05.019","article-title":"Serotypes, virulence genes, intimin types and PFGE profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from piglets with diarrhoea in Slovakia","volume":"174","author":"Vu-Khac","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11010024","article-title":"Heat-stable enterotoxins of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and their impact on host immunity","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15120669","article-title":"Genetic characterization of intimin gene (eae) in clinical Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from pediatric patients in Finland","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.18.3.512-520.1983","article-title":"Laboratory investigation of hemorrhagic colitis outbreaks associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype","volume":"18","author":"Wells","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1086\/341457","article-title":"A multistate outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O26:H11 infections in Germany, detected by molecular subtyping surveillance","volume":"186","author":"Werber","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001550","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic analysis of the virulence plasmid of a non-Shigatoxigenic enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak strain","volume":"171","author":"Whelan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2019.151377","article-title":"Escherichia coli strains producing a novel Shiga toxin 2 subtype circulate in China","volume":"310","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.12.009","article-title":"The mosaic genome structure and phylogeny of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 is driven by short-term adaptation","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059209","article-title":"Risk factors for development of hemolytic uremic syndrome in a cohort of adult patients with STEC 0104:H4 infection","volume":"8","author":"Zoufaly","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050288","article-title":"Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli specific enterohemolysin induced IL-1\u03b2 in human macrophages and EHEC-induced IL-1\u03b2 required activation of NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946_b1145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13110755","article-title":"Identification of Shiga-toxin-producing Shigella infections in travel and non-travel related cases in Alberta","volume":"13","author":"Zhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Canada Toxins"}],"container-title":["Journal of Food Protection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0362028X26002516?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0362028X26002516?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:08:26Z","timestamp":1792796906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0362028X26002516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":229,"alternative-id":["S0362028X26002516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946","relation":{},"ISSN":["0362-028X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0362-028X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Evolution of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Characterization and Risk Categorization Strategies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Food Protection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfp.2026.100946","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Association for Food Protection.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100946"}}