{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:19:49Z","timestamp":1790713189641,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jgaronline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,28]],"date-time":"2014-09-28T20:39:48Z","timestamp":1411936788000},"page":"299-305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Antimicrobial and biocide resistance of bacteria in a Lebanese tertiary care hospital"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Mariam Yousif","family":"Jomha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoda","family":"Yusef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanafy","family":"Holail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1067\/mic.2000.108129","article-title":"Persistent contamination of fabric-covered furniture by vancomycin-resistant enterococci: implications for upholstery selection in hospitals","volume":"28","author":"Noskin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1067\/mic.2000.107267","article-title":"Computer keyboards and faucet handles as reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens in the intensive care unit","volume":"28","author":"Bures","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1086\/501952","article-title":"Contamination of gowns, gloves, and stethoscopes with vancomycin-resistant enterococci","volume":"22","author":"Zachary","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.1999.0717","article-title":"An evaluation of hospital cleaning regimes and standards","volume":"45","author":"Griffith","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.080239","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in hospitals: how concerned should we be?","volume":"180","author":"Mulvey","year":"2009","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0030","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare-associated Infections (HAI). http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncidod\/dhqp\/healthDis.html [accessed 17.09.14]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2003.12.004","article-title":"Distribution of multi-resistant Gram-negative versus Gram-positive bacteria in the hospital inanimate environment","volume":"56","author":"Lemmen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.92.5s1.12.x","article-title":"Introduction of biocides into clinical practice and the impact on antibiotic-resistant bacteria","volume":"92","author":"Russell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0964-8305(03)00044-1","article-title":"Disinfectant resistance mechanisms, cross-resistance, and co-resistance","volume":"51","author":"Chapman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Biodeter Biodegrad"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn332","article-title":"Use of antibacterial consumer products containing quaternary ammonium compounds and drug resistance in the community","volume":"62","author":"Carson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2000.0820","article-title":"The index of microbial air contamination","volume":"46","author":"Pasquarella","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/524329","article-title":"Identifying opportunities to enhance environmental cleaning in 23 acute care hospitals","volume":"29","author":"Carling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0065","series-title":"Manual for the identification of medical bacteria","author":"Cowan","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0070","series-title":"Bergey's Manual of determinative bacteriology","first-page":"527","article-title":"Gram-positive cocci","author":"Holt","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0075","series-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; fifteenth informational supplement. Document M100-S15","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0964-8305(98)00024-9","article-title":"The testing of disinfectants","volume":"41","author":"Reybrouck","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Biodeter Biodegrad"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01538-07","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005\u20132006","volume":"52","author":"Zhanel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm348","article-title":"Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical and environmental samples in Minia, Egypt: prevalence, antibiogram and resistance mechanisms","volume":"60","author":"Gad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0095","first-page":"75","article-title":"Isolation of common aerobic bacterial pathogens from the environment of seven hospitals, Ahvaz, Iran","volume":"4","author":"Ekrami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0369-8114(02)00315-2","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus at north Lebanon: place of the methicillin resistance and comparison of detection methods","volume":"51","author":"Hamze","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pathol Biol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.56","article-title":"Inappropriate antimicrobial use and potential solutions: a Middle Eastern perspective","volume":"8","author":"Al-Tawfiq","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2008.05.003","article-title":"Colonization of patients and contamination of the patients\u2019 environment by MRSA under conditions of single-room isolation","volume":"212","author":"Rohr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1086\/500622","article-title":"A study of the relationship between environmental contamination with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and patients\u2019 acquisition of MRSA","volume":"27","author":"Hardy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1086\/502490","article-title":"Spread of clones of multidrug-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci within a university hospital","volume":"26","author":"Monsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn260","article-title":"Antibiotic consumption in southern and eastern Mediterranean hospitals: results from the ARMed project","volume":"62","author":"Borg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2007.12.004","article-title":"Current therapies for Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"24","author":"Giamarellou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0140","series-title":"Antibiotic resistance: an ecological perspective on an old problem","author":"American Academy of Microbiology","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.1999.0654","article-title":"Concentration: a major factor in studying biocidal action","volume":"44","author":"Russell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0150","series-title":"Assessment of the antibiotic resistance effects of biocides","author":"Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR)","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2013.5580","article-title":"Determination of decimal reduction time (D-value) of chemical agents used in hospitals for killing airborne isolated bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Amer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.33.3.288","article-title":"Antiseptic and antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infection","volume":"33","author":"Stickler","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213716514001003?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213716514001003?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,29]],"date-time":"2018-09-29T01:59:10Z","timestamp":1538186350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213716514001003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2213716514001003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-7165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-7165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antimicrobial and biocide resistance of bacteria in a Lebanese tertiary care hospital","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2014.09.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 International Society for Chemotherapy of Infection and Cancer. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}