{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:59:15Z","timestamp":1788303555313,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008257","name":"Tarbiat Modares University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,20]],"date-time":"2019-09-20T02:06:38Z","timestamp":1568945198000},"page":"318-323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["High-level aminoglycoside resistance and distribution of aminoglycoside resistance genes among Enterococcus spp. clinical isolates in Tehran, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Sharifzadeh Peyvasti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Mohabati Mobarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Shahcheraghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7874-3558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Khoramabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Razaz Rahmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Hosseini Doust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.68534","article-title":"High-level aminoglycoside resistance and reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in nosocomial Enterococci","volume":"2","author":"Adhikari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0010","series-title":"Molecular typing in bacterial infections","first-page":"17","article-title":"Enterococcus","author":"Teixeira","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00058","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-18","article-title":"The Enterococcus: a model of adaptability to its environment","volume":"32","author":"Garc\u00eda-Solache","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.05.014","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic study of biofilm formation in Enterococci isolated from urinary tract infections","volume":"108","author":"Fallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0025","series-title":"Enterococci: from commensals to leading causes of drug resistant infection","article-title":"Enterococcal disease, epidemiology, and implications for treatment","author":"Agudelo Higuita","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy064","article-title":"A review of combination antimicrobial therapy for Enterococcus faecalis bloodstream infections and infective endocarditis","volume":"67","author":"Beganovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00347-2","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of enterococci in Lebanon","volume":"17","author":"Zouain","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0401.980106","article-title":"Diversity among multidrug-resistant enterococci","volume":"4","author":"Murray","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.30.11.1136","article-title":"Vancomycin\u2010resistant enterococcal urinary tract infections","volume":"30","author":"Heintz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1479397","article-title":"Combatting resistant enterococcal infections: a pharmacotherapy review","volume":"19","author":"Mercuro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.2.161","article-title":"Management of infections due to resistant enterococci: a review of therapeutic options","volume":"40","author":"Landman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.16.5.686","article-title":"High-level, plasmid-borne resistance to gentamicin in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes","volume":"16","author":"Horodniceanu","year":"1979","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/147.4.751","article-title":"High-level resistance to gentamicin in clinical isolates of enterococci","volume":"147","author":"Mederski-Samoraj","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.1.46","article-title":"The life and times of the Enterococcus","volume":"3","author":"Murray","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.6.1212","article-title":"High-level gentamicin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia","volume":"164","author":"Noskin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.1.212","article-title":"Gentamicin resistance plasmids of enterococci from diverse geographic areas are heterogeneous","volume":"158","author":"Patterson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199012273232606","article-title":"Rapid dissemination of \u03b2-lactamase-producing, aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus faecalis among patients and staff on an infant\u2013toddler surgical ward","volume":"323","author":"Rhinehart","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/ipc.0b013e31815f6586","article-title":"High-level gentamicin-resistant enterococcal isolates from urinary tract infection in Iran","volume":"16","author":"Dallal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.265","article-title":"Prevalence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes genes among isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in Iran","volume":"12","author":"Feizabadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0100","first-page":"25","article-title":"Study of aac(6\u02b9)Ie\u2013aph(2\u02b9\u02b9)Ia gene in clinical strain of enterococci and identification of high-level gentamicin resistant enterococci","volume":"17","author":"Dadfarma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avicenna J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1086\/313949","article-title":"Aminoglycoside resistance in enterococci","volume":"31","author":"Chow","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0110","series-title":"Antibiotics in laboratory medicine","first-page":"757","article-title":"Antibiotic inactivating enzymes and bacterial resistance","author":"Neu","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.6.1216-1218.1988","article-title":"Recovery of resistant enterococci during vancomycin prophylaxis","volume":"26","author":"Kaplan","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2761","article-title":"The rise of the Enterococcus: beyond vancomycin resistance","volume":"10","author":"Arias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-019-0680-y","article-title":"Novel strategies for the management of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections","volume":"21","author":"Contreras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00056-13","article-title":"Integrons: past, present, and future","volume":"78","author":"Gillings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/42.6.689","article-title":"Class I integrons in Gram-negative isolates from different European hospitals and association with decreased susceptibility to multiple antibiotic compounds","volume":"42","author":"Martinez-Freijo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13345.x","article-title":"An integron of class 1 is present on the plasmid pCG4 from Gram-positive bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum","volume":"169","author":"Ne\u0161vera","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.1.157","article-title":"Detection of a streptomycin\/spectinomycin adenylyltransferase gene (aadA) in Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"43","author":"Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.05.014","article-title":"First report of class 2 integron in clinical Enterococcus faecalis and class 1 integron in Enterococcus faecium in South China","volume":"68","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.4.731-734.1989","article-title":"Identification of Enterococcus species isolated from human infections by a conventional test scheme","volume":"27","author":"Facklam","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4425","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.10.4425-4430.1999","article-title":"Identification of Enterococcus spp. with a biochemical key","volume":"65","author":"Manero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0165","series-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-third informational supplement","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.521","article-title":"Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances","volume":"3","author":"Wiegand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.4.1423-1426.2003","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for detection of aminoglycoside resistance genes in enterococci","volume":"47","author":"Vakulenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268801005271","article-title":"Distribution of aminoglycoside resistance genes in recent clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus avium","volume":"126","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-011-9913-5","article-title":"Simultaneous PCR detection of multiple classes of integron integrase genes for determining the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in environmental samples","volume":"62","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.4.513","article-title":"Relationships between enterococcal virulence and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"13","author":"Mundy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0049","article-title":"Occurrence of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in various clinical infections: detection of their drug resistance and virulence determinants","volume":"24","author":"Jahansepas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0200","first-page":"185","article-title":"Anti-microbial resistance of enterococci isolated from urinary tract infections in Iran","volume":"12","author":"Saifi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iran Biomed J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0205","first-page":"264","article-title":"Virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance patterns of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from different sources in Southwest Iran","volume":"47","author":"Arshadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0210","series-title":"Microbial drug resistance","first-page":"42","article-title":"Emergence and management of drug-resistant enterococcal infections","author":"Miller","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1922","article-title":"Role of combination antimicrobial therapy for vancomycin\u2010resistant Enterococcus faecium infections: review of the current evidence","volume":"37","author":"Yim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.01.004","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections: new compounds, novel antimicrobial therapies?","volume":"25","author":"van Harten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.6.5.637","article-title":"Emergence and management of drug-resistant enterococcal infections","volume":"6","author":"Arias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infective Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.10.2542","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of enterococci causing infections in Europe. The European VRE Study Group","volume":"43","author":"Schouten","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213716519302061?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213716519302061?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T09:55:56Z","timestamp":1761990956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213716519302061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S2213716519302061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-7165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-7165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"High-level aminoglycoside resistance and distribution of aminoglycoside resistance genes among Enterococcus spp. clinical isolates in Tehran, Iran","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.08.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}