{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,8]],"date-time":"2026-11-08T03:59:32Z","timestamp":1794110372668,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006546","name":"Angelini Pharma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006546","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014812","name":"Nordic Pharma Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014812","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007054","name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005612","name":"Shionogi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T23:49:49Z","timestamp":1623800989000},"page":"140-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":339,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Challenges in the management of chronic wound infections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Falcone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Pea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Scalise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Stefani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolando","family":"Tasinato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orazio","family":"Zanetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Dalla Paola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.0946","article-title":"Human wounds and its burden: an updated compendium of estimates","volume":"8","author":"Sen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0400-8","article-title":"The humanistic and economic burden of chronic wounds: a protocol for a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"J\u00e4rbrink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12443","article-title":"Estimating the costs associated with the management of patients with chronic wounds using linked routine data","volume":"13","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475x.2001.00178.x","article-title":"The validity of the clinical signs and symptoms used to identify localized chronic wound infection","volume":"9","author":"Gardner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0005","article-title":"Wound infection in clinical practice. An international consensus","volume":"5","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7536.285","article-title":"Wound assessment","volume":"332","author":"Grey","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108732","article-title":"Diabetes and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections","volume":"174","author":"Falcone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0008","unstructured":"American College of Surgeons. ACS\/ASE medical student core curriculum. Non-healing wounds. https:\/\/www.facs.org\/-\/media\/files\/education\/core-curriculum\/nonhealing_wounds.ashx [accessed 26 March 2021]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0997-7","article-title":"An overview of co-morbidities and the development of pressure ulcers among older adults","volume":"18","author":"Jaul","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2020.29.15.S10","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship in wound care","volume":"29","author":"Edwards-Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0011","first-page":"64","article-title":"A holistic approach to wound care","volume":"99","author":"Gilmartin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nurs Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2015.24.Sup5b.20","article-title":"Managing infection: a holistic approach","volume":"24","author":"Tayeb","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.25270\/owm.2018.2.3239","article-title":"Factors affecting wound healing in individuals with pressure ulcers: a retrospective study","volume":"64","author":"Karahan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0133","article-title":"Peripheral artery disease: current insight into the disease and its diagnosis and management","volume":"85","author":"Olin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25704","DOI":"10.2196\/25704","article-title":"Using machine learning technologies in pressure injury management: systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5070","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i21.5070","article-title":"Strategies and challenges in the treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers","volume":"8","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0017","article-title":"Effect of family empowerment on HbA1c levels and healing of diabetic foot ulcers","author":"Appil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01415-8","article-title":"Managing diabetic foot ulcers: pharmacotherapy for wound healing","volume":"81","author":"Dixon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3326","article-title":"The utilisation of vascular limb salvage services in the assessment and management of chronic limb-threatening ischaemia and diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review","author":"Nickinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000225431.63010.1b","article-title":"Chronic wound pathogenesis and current treatment strategies: a unifying hypothesis","volume":"117","author":"Mustoe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13158","article-title":"Multidisciplinary approaches to stimulate wound healing","volume":"1378","author":"Businaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.2310\/7750.2009.00006","article-title":"Multidisciplinary approach to chronic wound care: our 2-year Newfoundland and Labrador experience","volume":"13","author":"Brown-Maher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0023","first-page":"e19","article-title":"Evidence-based management strategies for treatment of chronic wounds","volume":"9","author":"Werdin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.136.7.765","article-title":"A new concept of a multidisciplinary wound healing center and a national expert function of wound healing","volume":"136","author":"Gottrup","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0025","first-page":"977","article-title":"Development and evaluation of an interprofessional teaching concept for modern wound management","volume":"18","author":"Bergendahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2147\/CWCMR.S260136","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges of the management of chronic wounds: a multidisciplinary viewpoint","volume":"7","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chronic Wound Care Management and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0b013e3181aaef7f","article-title":"Swab cultures for diagnosing wound infections: a literature review and clinical guideline","volume":"36","author":"Bonham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu444","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"59","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7545.838","article-title":"ABC of wound healing: infections","volume":"332","author":"Healy","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0030","first-page":"44","article-title":"The 105 bacterial growth guideline: reassessing its clinical relevance in wound healing","volume":"49","author":"Bowler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"issue":"5A Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0031","first-page":"8","article-title":"Bacterial swabs and the chronic wound: when, how, and what do they mean","volume":"49","author":"Dow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2004.9.Sup1.12495","article-title":"Defined and refined: criteria for identifying wound infection revisited","volume":"9","author":"Cutting","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Community Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0033","first-page":"203","article-title":"Indications and practical implementation of microbiologic diagnostics in patients with chronic wounds","volume":"13","author":"Schwarzkopf","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0034","first-page":"28","article-title":"Determination of bacterial burden in wounds","volume":"8","author":"Stotts","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00522-14","article-title":"Are quantitative bacterial wound cultures useful?","volume":"52","author":"Kallstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.08.012","article-title":"Culture results from wound biopsy versus wound swab: does it matter for the assessment of wound infection?","volume":"25","author":"Haalboom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0037","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Center for Devices and Radiological Health. Guidance for industry. Chronic cutaneous ulcer and burn wounds\u2014developing products for treatment. June 2006. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/71278\/download [accessed 21 June 2021]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000363515.09394.66","article-title":"When and how to perform a biopsy on a chronic wound","volume":"23","author":"Alavi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5010009","article-title":"Microbial biofilms and chronic wounds","volume":"5","author":"Omar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-018-0447-5","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite disinfectants are more effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms than quaternary ammonium compounds","volume":"7","author":"Lineback","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2020.05.004","article-title":"Biofilm and chronic nonhealing wound infections","volume":"100","author":"Evelhoch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2015.1019888","article-title":"Development of biofilm-targeted antimicrobial wound dressing for the treatment of chronic wound infections","volume":"41","author":"Ng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_150_19","article-title":"Detection of biofilm production and its impact on antibiotic resistance profile of bacterial isolates from chronic wound infections","volume":"12","author":"Harika","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12575-019-0106-0","article-title":"MBEC versus MBIC: the lack of differentiation between biofilm reducing and inhibitory effects as a current problem in biofilm methodology","volume":"21","author":"Thieme","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Proced Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01052-06","article-title":"In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates","volume":"51","author":"Frank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12651","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in biofilm-growing bacteria","volume":"20","author":"Maci\u00e0","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2016.25.6.305","article-title":"Recommendations for the management of biofilm: a consensus document","volume":"25","author":"Bianchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2011.0333","article-title":"Clinically addressing biofilm in chronic wounds","volume":"1","author":"Attinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0049","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Wound debridement","author":"Manna","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2016.02019","article-title":"New techniques for wound management: a systematic review of their role in the management of chronic wounds","volume":"45","author":"Bekara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Plast Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0051","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Wound bed preparation: a systematic approach to wound management","volume":"11","author":"Schultz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12662","article-title":"Wound bed preparation: TIME for an update","volume":"13","author":"Harries","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0053","series-title":"Topical antibiotics for infected wounds: a review of the clinical effectiveness and guidelines [internet]","author":"Cowling","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2020.05.007","article-title":"Bacteria and antibiotics in wound healing","volume":"100","author":"Caldwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2018.27.5.273","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and biofilm tolerance: a combined threat in the treatment of chronic infections","volume":"27","author":"Bowler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1086\/644732","article-title":"Topical antimicrobial therapy for treating chronic wounds","volume":"49","author":"Lipsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2010.00682.x","article-title":"Care of chronic wounds in palliative care and end-of-life patients","volume":"7","author":"Chrisman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0058","first-page":"1352","article-title":"Approach to infected skin ulcers","volume":"51","author":"Frank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3253-z","article-title":"A randomized, controlled study to investigate the efficacy and safety of a topical gentamicin\u2013collagen sponge in combination with systemic antibiotic therapy in diabetic patients with a moderate or severe foot ulcer infection","volume":"18","author":"U\u00e7kay","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000481545","article-title":"Consensus on wound antisepsis: update 2018","volume":"31","author":"Kramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/NHH.0b013e31828eb658","article-title":"Wound care dressings and choices for care of wounds in the home","volume":"31","author":"Adkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Home Healthc Nurse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12929","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides and wound healing: biological and therapeutic considerations","volume":"25","author":"Mangoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.12.025","article-title":"Topical antimicrobial peptide formulations for wound healing: current developments and future prospects","volume":"103","author":"Thapa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.1113","article-title":"Are antimicrobial peptide dendrimers an escape from ESKAPE?","volume":"9","author":"Kawano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2006.00091.x","article-title":"The use of systemic antibiotics in the treatment of chronic wounds","volume":"19","author":"Hernandez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(74)90046-8","article-title":"The efficacy of systemic antibiotics in the treatment of granulating wounds","volume":"16","author":"Robson","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13677","article-title":"Approach to chronic wound infections","volume":"173","author":"Leaper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-018-02017-9","article-title":"Identifying patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection who need blood cultures","volume":"14","author":"Tiseo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9371","article-title":"Early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"101","author":"Goh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2014.23.1.5","article-title":"W.A.R. scores in patients with chronic leg ulcers: results of a multicentre study","volume":"23","author":"Jockenh\u00f6fer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1367-y","article-title":"Changing Italian nosocomial\u2013community trends and heteroresistance in Staphylococcus aureus from bacteremia and endocarditis","volume":"31","author":"Campanile","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2008.08.016","article-title":"Serious infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an evolving challenge for physicians","volume":"20","author":"Falcone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0073","first-page":"923","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with hematologic malignancies: a retrospective case\u2013control study","volume":"88","author":"Venditti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2010.01.001","article-title":"Eradication of MRSA in chronic wounds of outpatients with leg ulcers is accelerated by antiseptic washes\u2014results of a pilot study","volume":"213","author":"Reich-Schupke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/abc7f2","article-title":"Effects of cefazolin-containing niosome nanoparticles against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formed on chronic wounds","volume":"16","author":"Zafari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e288","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30402-9","article-title":"New WHO recommendations on intraoperative and postoperative measures for surgical site infection prevention: an evidence-based global perspective","volume":"16","author":"Allegranzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2017.26.3.79","article-title":"Effect of antiseptic irrigation on infection rates of traumatic soft tissue wounds: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2012.01097.x","article-title":"Extending the TIME concept: what have we learned in the past 10 years?","volume":"9","author":"Leaper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0079","first-page":"1","article-title":"Topical iodophor preparations: chemistry, microbiology, and clinical utility","volume":"18","author":"Capriotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.7150\/jbji.26355","article-title":"Cytotoxicity evaluation of chlorhexidine gluconate on human fibroblasts, myoblasts, and osteoblasts","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bone Jt Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(01)00020-0","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying chlorhexidine-induced cytotoxicity","volume":"15","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2007.00331.x","article-title":"Effects of pH-neutral, super-oxidised solution on human dermal fibroblasts in vitro","volume":"4","author":"Gonzalez-Espinosa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky432","article-title":"Safety and efficacy profiles of different commercial sodium hypochlorite\/hypochlorous acid solutions (NaClO\/HClO): antimicrobial efficacy, cytotoxic impact and physicochemical parameters in vitro","volume":"74","author":"Severing","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.28.1.118","article-title":"Chemical parameters, antimicrobial activities, and tissue toxicity of 0.1 and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution","volume":"28","author":"Cotter","year":"1985","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199106000-00007","article-title":"Hansbrough. The cytotoxic effects of commonly used topical antimicrobial agents on human fibroblasts and keratinocytes","volume":"31","author":"Cooper","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1086\/430063","article-title":"Antiseptic \u2018resistance\u2019: real or perceived threat?","volume":"40","author":"Sheldon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2016.0701","article-title":"The role of topical antiseptic agents within antimicrobial stewardship strategies for prevention and treatment of surgical site and chronic open wound infection","volume":"6","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12625","article-title":"In vitro microbicidal, anti-biofilm and cytotoxic effects of different commercial antiseptics","volume":"14","author":"Ortega-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx391","article-title":"Evaluation of short exposure times of antimicrobial wound solutions against microbial biofilms: from in vitro to in vivo","volume":"73","author":"Johani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"ofaa563","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib90","article-title":"Role of low-molecular-weight heparin in hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 pneumonia: a prospective observational study","volume":"7","author":"Falcone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1380","article-title":"Hyperglycemia at hospital admission is associated with severity of the prognosis in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: the Pisa COVID-19 study.","volume":"43","author":"Coppelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"108732","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010_bib92","article-title":"Diabetes and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections","volume":"174","author":"Falcone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213716521001417?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213716521001417?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T09:56:56Z","timestamp":1761991016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213716521001417"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["S2213716521001417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-7165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-7165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Challenges in the management of chronic wound infections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.05.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}