{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:38:16Z","timestamp":1790876296061,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012021","name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IR.IUMS.FMD.REC.1398.161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR.IUMS.FMD.REC.1398.161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T18:06:04Z","timestamp":1639591564000},"page":"30-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Isolation of persister cells within the biofilm and relative gene expression analysis of type II toxin\/antitoxin system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in exponential and stationary phases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Rezvan Golmoradi","family":"Zadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behrooz Sadeghi","family":"Kalani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzie Mahdizade","family":"Ari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malihe","family":"Talebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shabnam","family":"Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4576-2263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faramarz Masjedian","family":"Jazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.122","article-title":"Quorum quenching quandary: resistance to antivirulence compounds","volume":"6","author":"Maeda","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00913","article-title":"Tolerance and resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to antimicrobial agents\u2014how P. aeruginosa can escape antibiotics","volume":"10","author":"Ciofu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27385-0","article-title":"Modelling protection from antimicrobial agents in biofilms through the formation of persister cells","volume":"151","author":"Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0321TR","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: host response and clinical implications in lung infections","volume":"58","author":"Maurice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037324","article-title":"Persistent gastric colonization with Burkholderia pseudomallei and dissemination from the gastrointestinal tract following mucosal inoculation of mice","volume":"7","author":"Goodyear","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.030932-0","article-title":"Role of persister cells in chronic infections: clinical relevance and perspectives on anti-persister therapies","volume":"60","author":"Fauvart","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6746","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.23.6746-6751.2001","article-title":"Biofilms and planktonic cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have similar resistance to killing by antimicrobials","volume":"183","author":"Spoering","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0008","first-page":"799","article-title":"Biosynthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and its role in microbial biofilm formation","volume":"16","author":"Czaczyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pol J Environ Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1557","article-title":"Persister cells, dormancy and infectious disease","volume":"5","author":"Lewis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.063784-0","article-title":"Escherichia coli toxin gene hipA affects biofilm formation and DNA release","volume":"159","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01740-05","article-title":"Ectopic overexpression of wild-type and mutant hipA genes in Escherichia coli: effects on macromolecular synthesis and persister formation","volume":"188","author":"Korch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1062","article-title":"A new type V toxin\u2013antitoxin system where mRNA for toxin GhoT is cleaved by antitoxin GhoS","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.10.3116","article-title":"Unique type of plasmid maintenance function: postsegregational killing of plasmid-free cells","volume":"83","author":"Gerdes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-110410-132412","article-title":"Toxin\u2013antitoxin systems in bacteria and archaea","volume":"45","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1088157","article-title":"Toxins\u2013antitoxins: plasmid maintenance, programmed cell death, and cell cycle arrest","volume":"301","author":"Hayes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1998.01061.x","article-title":"Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli biofilm formation: roles of flagella, motility, chemotaxis and type I pili","volume":"30","author":"Pratt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11076","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504266102","article-title":"Iron and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation","volume":"102","author":"Banin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0018","article-title":"Characterization of bacterial etiologic agents of biofilm formation in medical devices in critical care setup","volume":"2012","author":"Revdiwala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.suppl_1.5","article-title":"Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations","volume":"48","author":"Andrews","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-306","article-title":"URPD: a specific product primer design tool","volume":"5","author":"Chuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks596","article-title":"Primer3\u2014new capabilities and interfaces","volume":"40","author":"Untergasser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0022","first-page":"24","article-title":"Pan drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causing nosocomial infections among burnt children","volume":"34","author":"Sobouti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","article-title":"The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments","volume":"55","author":"Bustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002","article-title":"Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms","volume":"15","author":"Donlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2001.0326","article-title":"Relevance of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs)\u2014part I: structural and ecological aspects","volume":"43","author":"Flemming","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks196","article-title":"Bacterial stress responses as determinants of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"67","author":"Poole","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1998.853529.x","article-title":"Analysis of biocide transport limitation in an artificial biofilm system","volume":"85","author":"Stewart","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002121","article-title":"\u2018Persisters\u2019: survival at the cellular level","volume":"7","author":"Dawson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.08.045","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of bacterial persistence by HipA","volume":"52","author":"Germain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12074","article-title":"Toxin\u2013antitoxin systems are ubiquitous and versatile modulators of prokaryotic cell fate","volume":"340","author":"Schuster","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8172","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.24.8172-8180.2004","article-title":"Specialized persister cells and the mechanism of multidrug tolerance in Escherichia coli","volume":"186","author":"Keren","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.1.305-316.2006","article-title":"Autoinducer 2 controls biofilm formation in Escherichia coli through a novel motility quorum-sensing regulator (MqsR, B3022)","volume":"188","author":"Barrios","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2020.100846","article-title":"Biofilm establishment, biofilm persister cell formation, and relative gene expression analysis of type II toxin\u2013antitoxin system in Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"21","author":"Narimisa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00840","article-title":"MqsR\/MqsA toxin\/antitoxin system regulates persistence and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas putida KT2440","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5577","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05068-11","article-title":"Toxin\u2013antitoxin systems influence biofilm and persister cell formation and the general stress response","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00856-5","article-title":"Persister cells and tolerance to antimicrobials","volume":"230","author":"Keren","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-53","article-title":"Persisters: a distinct physiological state of E. coli","volume":"6","author":"Shah","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46051","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.51","article-title":"Persister formation in Staphylococcus aureus is associated with ATP depletion","volume":"1","author":"Conlon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213716521002630?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213716521002630?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:23:17Z","timestamp":1778858597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213716521002630"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S2213716521002630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-7165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-7165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Isolation of persister cells within the biofilm and relative gene expression analysis of type II toxin\/antitoxin system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in exponential and stationary phases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.11.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}