{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T02:40:47Z","timestamp":1784256047767,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004334","name":"Merck","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011218","name":"Sandoz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011218","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T17:38:13Z","timestamp":1763660293000},"page":"79-86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy: A risk-factor-based approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3238-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Zhanel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2971-9401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"de Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4998-5387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosimo","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Truls E. Bjerklund","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.08.015","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Ansaldi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005269","article-title":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Urinary tract infections in pregnant individuals","volume":"142","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2015.05.004","article-title":"Urinary tract infection and bacteriuria in pregnancy","volume":"42","author":"Glaser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.009","article-title":"Critical review of current definitions of urinary tract infections and proposal of an EAU\/ESIU classification system","volume":"38","author":"Johansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2013.39202","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in pregnancy: old and new unresolved diagnostic and therapeutic problems","volume":"11","author":"Matuszkiewicz-Rowi\u0144ska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2019.1647524","article-title":"Acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy: a systematic review of the aetiology, timing, and reported adverse perinatal risks during pregnancy","volume":"40","author":"Grette","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000149154.96285.a0","article-title":"Acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy","volume":"105","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0008","author":"Bonkat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7226","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237226","article-title":"Which antibiotic for urinary tract infections in pregnancy? A literature review of international guidelines","volume":"11","author":"Corrales","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1121","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the management of asymptomatic bacteriuria: 2019 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"68","author":"Nicolle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-1128-0","article-title":"Benefits and harms of screening for and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Angelescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.07.016","article-title":"To screen or not to screen for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a comparative three-year retrospective review between two maternity centres","volume":"288","author":"Houlihan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0013","article-title":"Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy","volume":"2019","author":"Smaill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23570","article-title":"Association between antibiotic use among pregnant women with urinary tract infections in the first trimester and birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997 to 2011","volume":"106","author":"Ailes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2019.07.002","article-title":"Maternal urinary tract infection during pregnancy and long-term infectious morbidity of the offspring","volume":"136","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00003-20","article-title":"The five Ds of outpatient antibiotic stewardship for urinary tract infections","volume":"34","author":"Goebel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0313-3","article-title":"Impact of intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis upon the intestinal microbiota and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in vaginally delivered full-term neonates","volume":"5","author":"Nogacka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12411","article-title":"Antibiotic use during pregnancy alters the commensal vaginal microbiota","volume":"20","author":"Stokholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.23.291235","article-title":"Overuse of antibiotics for urinary tract infections in pregnant refugees, Lebanon","volume":"102","author":"Al Kady","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j1777","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1777","article-title":"A likely urinary tract infection in a pregnant woman","volume":"357","author":"Johnston","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100540","article-title":"Bad bugs: antibiotic-resistant bacteriuria in pregnancy and risk of pyelonephritis","volume":"4","author":"Denoble","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1759420","article-title":"Antibiotic resistant profile of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Emami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.05.055","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance among pregnant women with urinary tract infections is on rise: findings from meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"17","author":"Al Kadri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e513","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00778-8","article-title":"A reference standard for urinary tract infection research: a multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study","volume":"24","author":"Bilsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofad332","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad332","article-title":"Definitions of urinary tract infection in current research: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Bilsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2024.03.005","article-title":"Reducing treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria: what works?","volume":"38","author":"Nicolle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.10060","article-title":"Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"322","author":"Henderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021347","article-title":"Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: systematic reviews of screening and treatment effectiveness and patient preferences","volume":"9","author":"Wingert","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00070-5","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal consequences of treated and untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a prospective cohort study with an embedded randomised controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Kazemier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E823","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.171325","article-title":"Recommendations on screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy","volume":"190","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.13069","article-title":"Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"322","author":"Owens","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(89)90202-5","article-title":"Asymptomatic bacteriuria in normal and high-risk pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Golan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0033","article-title":"Risk factors and clinical outcomes of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women: a comprehensive analysis","volume":"16","author":"Mishra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0322","article-title":"Optimal timing to screen for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy: first vs. second trimester","volume":"49","author":"Langermans","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284746","article-title":"A new point-of-care test for the rapid antimicrobial susceptibility assessment of uropathogens","volume":"18","author":"Arienzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0036","article-title":"Different antibiotic regimens for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy","volume":"2010","author":"Guinto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.139","article-title":"Exposure to nitrofurantoin during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk for major malformations","volume":"53","author":"Goldberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30337-6","article-title":"Exposure to nitrofurantoin during early pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Goldberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Obstetrics Gynaecol Canada"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01342-1","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome after first-trimester exposure to fosfomycin for the treatment of urinary tract infection: an observational cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Philipps","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0040","article-title":"Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy","volume":"2015","author":"Widmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14087","article-title":"Single-dose antibiotic therapy for urinary infections during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"159","author":"Schulz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106018","article-title":"Comparison of single-dose fosfomycin tromethamine and other antibiotics for lower uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women and asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000993","article-title":"Are the diagnosis and treatment of acute cystitis in the premenopausal, pregnant, and postmenopausal women the same? A review of the literature","volume":"77","author":"Pagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e352","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1718384","article-title":"Beyond expert opinion: a comparison of antibiotic regimens for infectious urinary tract pathology in pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Krischak","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJP Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0045","article-title":"Treatments for symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy","volume":"2011","author":"Vazquez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-016-0285-6","article-title":"A best practice position statement on pregnancy in chronic kidney disease: the Italian Study Group on Kidney and Pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Cabiddu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1070028","article-title":"Nitrofurantoin and pregnancy","volume":"176","author":"Cimolai","year":"2007","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2020.20236","article-title":"Guideline of the Swiss Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (SSGO) on acute and recurrent urinary tract infections in women, including pregnancy","volume":"150","author":"Betschart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0049","first-page":"40","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing in primary care for urinary tract infections (UTIs) in pregnancy: an audit study","volume":"8","author":"Ghouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir345","article-title":"Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole may no longer be acceptable for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis in the United States","volume":"53","author":"Sanchez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab987","article-title":"Optimal urine culture diagnostic stewardship practice-results from an expert modified-Delphi procedure","volume":"75","author":"Claeys","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12453","article-title":"Development and validation of a nomogram predicting recurrence risk in women with symptomatic urinary tract infection","volume":"21","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e605","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00142-2","article-title":"Consensus position statement on advancing the classification of patients and tests of cure in studies of antibiotic treatment of complicated urinary tract infections","volume":"25","author":"Bjerklund Johansen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e513","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00778-8","article-title":"A reference standard for urinary tract infection research: a multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study","volume":"24","author":"Bilsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213716525002528?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213716525002528?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T07:49:21Z","timestamp":1781509761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213716525002528"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S2213716525002528"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-7165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-7165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy: A risk-factor-based approach","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.11.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}