{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T01:08:30Z","timestamp":1787620110608,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/igo\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T16:28:09Z","timestamp":1767889689000},"page":"288-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Intervention studies and antimicrobial resistance in Italy: An overview of the latest evidence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Vitiello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6528-2171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Zovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Sabbatucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6930-4297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Fabbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5655-688X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Ricciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9375-8731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Villani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Rezza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"Boccellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Capuano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Gelormini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6547-3881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo Lo Fo","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2285-9970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Bellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4149-1785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Acampa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a concise update","volume":"6","author":"Ho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00145","article-title":"The antimicrobial resistance crisis: causes, consequences, and management","volume":"2","author":"Michael","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0003","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 10 global health issues to track in 2021. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/spotlight\/10-global-health-issues-to-track-in-2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53057-z","article-title":"Time to define One Health approaches to tackling antimicrobial resistance","volume":"15","author":"Musicha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0005","unstructured":"World Health organization [Internet]. Global antibiotic resistance surveillance report 2025. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240116337. [last access 12 Dec 2025]"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1951705","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: current status and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Sulis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"issue":"10325","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30605-4","article-title":"Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis","volume":"19","author":"Cassini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0009","unstructured":"Antimicrobial resistance in the EU\/EEA (EARS-Net) - Annual Epidemiological Report 2023 [Internet]. Available at: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/antimicrobial-resistance-eueea-ears-net-annual-epidemiological-report-2023. [last access 17 Jul 2025]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0010","unstructured":"Rapporto AIFA 2025 sugli antibiotici [Internet]. Available at: https:\/\/www.aifa.gov.it\/-\/rapporto-aifa-2025-sugli-antibiotici [last access 17 Jul 2025]"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.11.008","article-title":"Example of antimicrobial stewardship program in a community hospital in Italy","volume":"50","author":"Bolla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154409","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Multifaced Antibiotic Stewardship Program: A Pre-Post Study in Seven Italian ICUs","volume":"11","author":"Mandelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20020996","article-title":"Implementation of A Year-Long Antimicrobial Stewardship Program in A 227-Bed Community Hospital in Southern Italy","volume":"20","author":"Albano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae234","article-title":"Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs for the Management of Bloodstream Infection: What Is Their Relative Contribution to Improving Clinical Outcomes? A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Peri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2036-7","article-title":"M. Control of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in an intensive care unit of a teaching hospital in Southern Italy","volume":"16","author":"Bianco","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-00990-z","article-title":"A five-component infection control bundle to permanently eliminate a carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii spreading in an intensive care unit","volume":"10","author":"Meschiari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111405","article-title":"The Impact of the SARS-Cov2 Pandemic on a Persuasive Educational Antimicrobial Stewardship Program in a University Hospital in Southern Italy: A Pre-Post Study","volume":"10","author":"Macera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-025-01663-x","article-title":"Implementation of infection prevention and control strategies in Italian intensive care units: results from the SPIN-UTI network","volume":"14","author":"Barchitta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-024-01407-3","article-title":"Zotti CM; collaborating group \u201cUnit\u00e0 Prevenzione Rischio Infettivo (UPRI), Regione Piemonte\u201d. Impact of COVID-19 on antimicrobial stewardship activities in Italy: a region-wide assessment","volume":"13","author":"Vicentini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13779","article-title":"A retrospective Italian analysis on the characteristics of invasive fungal infections in the intensive care unit setting: CHARTER-IFI study","volume":"67","author":"Viale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.07.008","article-title":"Estimated burden of fungal infections in Italy","volume":"76","author":"Bassetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i2","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf004","article-title":"Clinical aspects and recent advances in fungal diseases impacting human health","volume":"80","author":"Pagano","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0809-z","article-title":"How much European prescribing physicians know about invasive fungal infections management?","volume":"15","author":"Valerio","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S175","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa394","article-title":"Core Recommendations for Antifungal Stewardship: A Statement of the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium","volume":"222","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12329","article-title":"Antifungal stewardship in daily practice and health economic implications","volume":"58","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw391","article-title":"COMIC (Collaboration Group on Mycosis) study group. The current treatment landscape: the need for antifungal stewardship programmes","volume":"71","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-017-1063-7","article-title":"Impact of a mixed educational and semi-restrictive antimicrobial stewardship project in a large teaching hospital in Northern Italy","volume":"45","author":"Giacobbe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9010095","article-title":"Spread of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negatives and Candida auris during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Critically Ill Patients: One Step Back in Antimicrobial Stewardship?","volume":"9","author":"Magnasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0029","article-title":"Improving management and antimicrobial stewardship for bacterial and fungal infections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Peghin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther Adv Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13098","article-title":"How can we optimise antifungal use in a solid organ transplant centre? Local epidemiology and antifungal stewardship implementation: A single-centre study","volume":"63","author":"Mularoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57070656","article-title":"Post-Prescription Audit Plus Beta-D-Glucan Assessment Decrease Echinocandin Use in People with Suspected Invasive Candidiasis","volume":"57","author":"Murri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina (Mex)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03265-y","article-title":"(1,3)-\u03b2-d-Glucan-based empirical antifungal interruption in suspected invasive candidiasis: a randomized trial","volume":"24","author":"De Pascale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-02084-x","article-title":"Laboratory and clinical management capacity for invasive fungal infections: the Italian landscape","volume":"52","author":"Vena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11020162","article-title":"Antifungal Policy and Practice Across Five Countries: A Qualitative Review","volume":"11","author":"Denning","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Fungi Basel Switz"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0035","article-title":"Susceptibilities of Herpes Simplex Viruses to Penciclovir and Acyclovir in Eight Cell Lines","volume":"46","author":"Leary JJWittrock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.1055-1059.2005","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase mutations associated with resistance to acyclovir: a site-directed mutagenesis study","volume":"49","author":"Frobert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2007.00822.x","article-title":"Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus pneumonia post-unrelated stem cell transplantation: a word of caution","volume":"11","author":"Frangoul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.06.037","article-title":"Topical imiquimod for recurrent acyclovir-resistant HSV infection","volume":"119","author":"Martinez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2007.00261.x","article-title":"Oral topical cidofovir: novel route of drug delivery in a severely immunosuppressed patient with refractory multidrug-resistant herpes simplex virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Sims","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transpl Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091476","article-title":"Toward the Eradication of Herpes Simplex Virus: Vaccination and Beyond","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.4081\/idr.2013.s1.e5","article-title":"HIV Drug Resistance: Problems and Perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Pennings","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70032-9","article-title":"EuroCoord-CHAIN study group. Effect of transmitted drug resistance on virological and immunological response to initial combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV (EuroCoord-CHAIN joint project): a European multicohort study","volume":"11","author":"Wittkop","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2437","article-title":"Rates of emergence of HIV drug resistance in resourcelimited settings: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"tadeli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000162337.58557.3d","article-title":"UK Collaborative Group on HIV Drug Resistance; UK CHIC Study Group. Long term probability of detection of HIV-1 drug resistance after starting antiretroviral therapy in routine clinical practice","volume":"19","author":"Phillips","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/13596535231201162","article-title":"HIV drug resistance in the era of contemporary antiretroviral therapy: A clinical perspective","volume":"28","author":"Carr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0046","unstructured":"Aids - Aspetti epidemiologici in Italia [Internet]. Available at: https:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/aids\/epidemiologia-italia. [last access Jul 17 2025]"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102096","article-title":"The Role of RASs \/RVs in the Current Management of HCV","volume":"13","author":"Malandris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1687823","article-title":"Retreatment of Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Patients with Direct-Acting Antiviral Failures","volume":"39","author":"Pawlotsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy585","article-title":"AASLD-IDSA HCV Guidance Panel Hepatitis C Guidance 2018 Update: AASLD-IDSA Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C Virus Infection","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.11.007","article-title":"Patterns of Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Patients With Chronic HCV Infection Following Treatment With Direct-Acting Antivirals","volume":"154","author":"Dietz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0051","article-title":"Legge n. 8, 28 febbraio 2020. Articolo 25 sexies\u2014screening nazionale gratuito per l\u2019eliminazione del virus HCV","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gazzetta Ufficiale"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-018-0733-3","article-title":"Economic Consequences of Investing in Anti-HCV Antiviral Treatment from the Italian NHS Perspective: A Real-World-Based Analysis of PITER Data","volume":"37","author":"Marcellusi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0053","first-page":"1946","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health","volume":"11","author":"Salam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0054","first-page":"197","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of nosocomial infections in an Italian tertiary care hospital","volume":"39","author":"Mancini","year":"2016","journal-title":"The new microbiologica"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6057","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26196057","article-title":"Drugs That Changed Society: History and Current Status of the Early Antibiotics: Salvarsan, Sulfonamides, and \u03b2-Lactams","volume":"26","author":"Christensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0056","series-title":"Antibacterial agents in clinical and preclinical development: an overview and analysis","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0057","unstructured":"AIFA Vaborem ((accessed on 01 April 2025)); Available online: https:\/\/medicinali.aifa.gov.it\/it\/#\/it\/organizzazione\/734\/farmaci\/47422\/stampati\/RCP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0058","unstructured":"AIFA Xenleta ((accessed on 01 April 2025)); Available online: https:\/\/medicinali.aifa.gov.it\/it\/#\/it\/organizzazione\/5345\/farmaci\/48963\/stampati\/RCP"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9465-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides: the Achilles' Heel of Antibiotic Resistance?","volume":"11","author":"Lewies","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.84","article-title":"Microbial Preparations (Probiotics) for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: An Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis of 6,851 Participants","volume":"39","author":"Johnston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection control and hospital epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.06.006","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of antibiotics-associated adverse effects through the use of probiotics: A review","volume":"71","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00134-4","article-title":"WHO Research Agenda for AMR in Human Health Collaborators. WHO global research priorities for antimicrobial resistance in human health","volume":"5","author":"Bertagnolio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0063","unstructured":"Ministero della Salute. Piano Nazionale di Contrasto all\u2019Antibiotico-Resistenza (PNCAR) 2022-2025. Available at: https:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/antibiotico-resistenza\/pncar-2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0064","first-page":"1","article-title":"Italy: Health System Review","volume":"24","author":"Giulio de Belvis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Syst Transit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0065","first-page":"e4","article-title":"One health governance principles for AMR surveillance: a scoping review and conceptual framework","volume":"2","author":"Ruckert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Dir: One Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0066","unstructured":"Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco (AIFA). Comunicazione alle Regioni su accesso ai fondi per i farmaci innovative (2025). Available at: https:\/\/www.aifa.gov.it\/-\/comunicazione-accesso-fondi-innovativi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0067","unstructured":"Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco (AIFA). Criteri di valutazione per l\u2019attribuzione dell\u2019innovativit\u00e0 terapeutica e sulla gestione degli agenti antinfettivi per infezioni da germi multiresistenti (2025). Available at: https:\/\/www.aifa.gov.it\/documents\/20142\/2779036\/Nuovi_criteri_innovativita.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107188","article-title":"Tracking progress on antimicrobial resistance by the quadripartite country self-assessment survey (TrACSS) in G7 countries, 2017-2023: opportunities and gaps","volume":"204","author":"Sabbatucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.106004","article-title":"Tracking progress on antimicrobial resistance with TrACSS database in Italy: a short report","volume":"249","author":"Zovi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemep.2024.101019","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: strategies to counter it and Italian actions","volume":"32","author":"Vitiello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ethics, Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomassone L, Scali F, Formenti N, Alborali GL, Aragrande M, Canali M, Romanelli C, Suprani V, De Meneghi D. Evaluation of \u2018ClassyFarm\u2019, the Italian integrated surveillance system of livestock farms, in the context of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 23(1), 1426\u20131438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1828051X.2024.2407092","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2024.2407092"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0072","unstructured":"Piano Nazionale di Contrasto all\u2019Antibiotico-Resistenza (PNCAR) 2022-2025 [Internet]. Available at: https:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/antibiotico-resistenza\/pncar-2022"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-03117-4","article-title":"The use of new antibacterial drugs against infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: an Italian real-world evidence study in a Lombardy hospital","volume":"397","author":"Ferrara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00607-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in Europe","volume":"19","author":"Townsend","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320949414","article-title":"Trends in cardiovascular diseases burden and vascular risk factors in Italy: the global burden of disease study 1990\u20132017","volume":"28","author":"Cortesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0076","first-page":"19","article-title":"Cardiovascular risks associated with gender and aging","volume":"6","author":"Rodgers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwac033","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in the elderly: proceedings of the European Society of Cardiology-Cardiovascular Round Table","volume":"29","author":"Lettino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010095","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections in Geriatric Hospitalized Patients before and after the COVID-19 Outbreak: Results from a Retrospective Observational Study in Two Geriatric Wards","volume":"10","author":"Gasperini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0079","first-page":"0195","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk factors for infection by multi-drug-resistant organisms in intensive care unit patients","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0080","first-page":"385","article-title":"Risk stratification and treatment of ICU-acquired pneumonia caused by multidrug- resistant\/extensively drug-resistant\/pandrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"24","author":"Bassetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.08.036","article-title":"Adaptive Immunity Dysregulation in Acute Coronary Syndromes: From Cellular and Molecular Basis to Clinical Implications","volume":"68","author":"Flego","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2174\/156652409787581574","article-title":"Stroke induced immunodepression syndrome: from bench to bedside","volume":"9","author":"Urra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114768","article-title":"Ischemic stroke and infection: A brief update on mechanisms and potential therapies","volume":"193","author":"Ghelani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"36","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000035023","article-title":"Distribution of bacteria and risk factors in patients with multidrug-resistant pneumonia in a single center rehabilitation ward","volume":"102","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1219862","article-title":"Healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance in severe acquired brain injury: a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"14","author":"Castellani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0086","first-page":"22","article-title":"Annual epidemiological report for 2019 \u2013 healthcare\u2013 associated infections acquired in intensive care units","volume":"46","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Epidemiol. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2301015","article-title":"Bacteria and the growing threat of multidrug resistance for invasive cardiac interventions","volume":"23","author":"Pierce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.119.008280","article-title":"Impact of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection: A Clinical and Economic Analysis of the WRAP-IT Trial","volume":"13","author":"Wilkoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040830","article-title":"Impact of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms on Severe Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation: An Observational Study","volume":"12","author":"Castellani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901111","article-title":"WRAP-IT Investigators. Antibacterial Envelope to Prevent Cardiac Implantable Device Infection","volume":"380","author":"Tarakji","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2020.12.021","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of an Absorbable Antibacterial Envelope for Use in Patients at Increased Risk of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection in Germany, Italy, and England","volume":"24","author":"Boriani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.008503","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of an Antibacterial Envelope for Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection Prevention in the US Healthcare System From the WRAP-IT Trial","volume":"13","author":"Wilkoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0093","article-title":"Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis","author":"Langton Hewer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30331-3","article-title":"TORPEDO-CF study group. Intravenous versus oral antibiotics for eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis (TORPEDO-CF): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Hewer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2018.04.002","article-title":"Eradication of early P. aeruginosa infection in children <7 years of age with cystic fibrosis: The early study","volume":"18","author":"Ratjen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91073-1","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of new lytic bacteriophage PSA-KC1 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients","volume":"15","author":"Kurt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alipour-Khezri E, Skurnik M, Zarrini G. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophages and Their Clinical Applications Viruses. 2024 Jun 29;16(7):1051. doi: 10.3390\/v16071051","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071051"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203941","article-title":"In vitro activity of N-acetylcysteine against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia complex grown in planktonic phase and biofilm","volume":"13","author":"Pollini","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213716525002851?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213716525002851?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T07:48:42Z","timestamp":1781509722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213716525002851"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["S2213716525002851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-7165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-7165","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Intervention studies and antimicrobial resistance in Italy: An overview of the latest evidence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2025.12.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}